Evodiamine-inspired dual inhibitors of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) with potent antitumor activity

A great challenge in multi-targeting drug discovery is to identify drug-like lead compounds with therapeutic advantages over single target inhibitors and drug combinations. Inspired by our previous efforts in designing antitumor evodiamine derivatives, herein selective histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) dual inhibitors were successfully identified, which showed potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor potency. Particularly, compound 30a was orally active and possessed excellent in vivo antitumor activity in the HCT116 xenograft model (TGI = 75.2%, 150 mg/kg, p.o.) without significant toxicity, which was more potent than HDAC inhibitor vorinostat, TOP inhibitor evodiamine and their combination. Taken together, this study highlights the therapeutic advantages of evodiamine-based HDAC1/TOP2 dual inhibitors and provides valuable leads for the development of novel multi-targeting antitumor agents.     

Discovery of Novel Multiacting Topoisomerase I/II and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

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吴茱萸碱对人结肠癌细胞自吞噬的影响

目的 观察吴茱萸碱对结肠癌Lovo细胞自噬的影响,探讨吴茱萸碱对Lovo细胞的生长抑制作用及其机制.方法 联合应用MTT法和形态学变化观察吴茱萸碱对Lovo细胞的生长抑制作用,借助激光共聚焦显微镜观察自噬现象,并用丹(磺)酰戊二胺染色测定对自噬进行定量分析,Western blot方法检测微管相关蛋白轻链3的表达,确认自噬的发生.同时检测吴茱萸碱和3-甲基腺嘌呤对Lovo细胞活力及凋亡的影响.结果 吴茱萸碱呈浓度依赖性抑制结肠癌Lovo细胞的生长活力(P＜0.05),尤其在浓度为60 μmol/L时最为明显(60%),且在光镜下形态表现为细胞裂解和细胞间隙增宽.吴茱萸碱可诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞发生自噬(P＜0.05),阻断自噬后,吴茱萸碱抑制结肠癌Lovo细胞生长活力的能力进一步增强(P＜0.01).结论 吴茱萸碱可诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞发生自噬,但自噬却拮抗吴茱萸碱的抗肿瘤活性.联合应用吴茱萸碱和自噬凋节剂可增强其抗肿瘤作用,逆转其对化疗药物的耐药性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of evodiamine on autophagy of human colon a cleno carcinoma lovo cells, and to explore the role and mechanism of autophagy which was induced by evodiamine (EVO). Methods MTT assay combined with the morphologic changes were used to observe the cell viability. Monodansylcadaverine was used to detect autophagy by fluorospectrophotometer and the confocal laser fluorescence microscopy respectively. Immunoblotting assay was used to observe the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3. Finally, evodiamine combined with 3-methyladenine to detect the cell viability with MTT assay and the apoptosis with the flow cytometry, respectively.Results Evodiamine inhibited the viability of Lovo cells in dose-dependent manner ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), especially in 60 μmol/L that was obviously(60% ). Further more, the cell lysis and cell gap widened was observed by the light microscope. Evo triggered the autophagy, and after inhibition the autophagy by 3-MA, the killing capacities of the Evo was enhanced ( P ＜ 0. 01 ). However, autophagy prohibited the apoptosis pathways.Conclusions Evodiamine can trigger the autophagy, which might play a self-defense role in evodiamineinduced cell death. The cytototoxicity of evodiamine can be augmented by the autophagy inhibitors. The joint application of autophagy regulators with the chemotherapeutic agents might enhance the cell killing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and show a potent role in cancer drug resistance.     

吴茱萸碱羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物大鼠在体肠吸收特征

[摘要] 目的 研究吴茱萸碱羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物(EHD)大鼠在体肠吸收特征。方法 制备吴茱萸碱羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,并测定其理化性质;将健康SD雄性大鼠,随机分为2组,运用单向肠灌流模型对大鼠各肠段吴茱萸碱(EVO)的吸收情况进行考察,使用HPLC法（ C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇:水=75:25(V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为225 nm,柱温35 ℃）测定EVO的含量,并对吸收速率常数(Ka)及有效渗透系数(Peff)进行计算。结果 EHD的傅里叶-红外扫描图谱中,吴茱萸碱特征吸收峰减弱;EHD的差示扫描量热图谱中,吴茱萸碱的吸热峰明显减小;EHD的电镜下形态与物理混合物明显的不同;肠循环液中吴茱萸碱的回收率与精密度符合要求;EHD在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠中的Ka值分别为EVO的9.07、16.22、11.04、28.86倍,差异具统计学意义(P＜0.05)。EHD在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠中的Peff值分别为EVO的2.41、1.52、1.82、1.09倍,在十二指肠处差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其他肠段处差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 EHD能使EVO在大鼠体内的肠吸收得到明显的改善。     

高效液相色谱法测定戊己丸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱含量

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定戊己丸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱含量的方法。方法　采用高效液相色谱法。IntersilC18分析色谱柱 (4.6mmID× 2 5 0mm ,粒径 5 μm) ,流动相 :乙腈 - 10 %乙腈 (5 0 :5 0 ) ,流速 :1ml/min ,检测波长 :2 2 5nm。 结果　吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的理论板数分别为 2 6 81和 2 0 6 7。吴茱萸碱回归方程 :Y =0 .0 76 4 6 +0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 196 5X ,r=0 .9999) ,线性范围 10 .2～ 5 1.0 μg·ml-1;吴茱萸次碱回归方程 :Y =- 0 .2 199+0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 36 5 8X ,r =0 .9999) ,线性范围 10 .0～ 5 0 .0 μg·ml-1。吴茱萸碱平均回收率为 97.3% ,RSD 3.2 % ,吴茱萸次碱平均回收率为 10 1.4 % ,RSD 3.9%。吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱最低检出浓度分别为 0 .0 5和 0 .1μg·ml-1。结论　方法简便 ,结果准确。     

液相色谱-质谱法同时测定吴茱萸水提物中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量

目的:建立同时测定吴茱萸水提物中吴茱萸碱(Evodiamine,EVO)和吴茱萸次碱(Rutaecarpine,RUT)的LC/MS方法。方法:液相色谱采用Welch Materials Xtimate-C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,3μm),以甲醇-10 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(85∶15)为流动相,流速0.2 mL/min,柱温30℃。质谱采用正离子全扫描模式,m/z:0~1000,电喷雾离子化源(ESI)。雾化气为氮气,雾化压力为40 psi;喷雾电压4000 V,源温度为100℃;去溶剂气为氮气,温度350℃,流速为10 L/min。结果:吴茱萸碱在2.02~504 ng/mL(r=0.9992),吴茱萸次碱在1.97~493.33 ng/mL(r=0.9999)线性关系良好,回收率分别为87.8%~97.04%和86.35%~98.22%,日内、日间精密度均10%。结论:该方法简便、可靠、灵敏度高,可用于同时测定吴茱萸水提物中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量及药代动力学研究。     

吴茱萸碱、小檗碱对SGC-7901/DDP耐药性及耐药相关蛋白的影响

目的：探讨吴茱萸碱、小檗碱及其联合使用对顺铂（Cisplatin, DDP）耐药胃癌细胞SGC7901/DDP敏感性的作用。方法：体外诱导建立人胃癌顺铂耐药细胞株SGC-7901/DDP,实验分为对照组、DDP组、吴茱萸碱+DDP 组、小檗碱+DDP 组及吴茱萸碱+小檗碱+DDP 组,CCK8 检测各组SGC-7901/DDP 细胞增殖能力;Western Blot 分析耐药及凋亡相关蛋白P-gp、MRP、caspase-3、caspase-9的表达。结果：CCK8实验表明吴茱萸碱、小檗碱在不影响SGC-7901/DDP 细胞活力的情况下可显著增强DDP抑制细胞增殖的作用,且小檗碱（8 μM）与吴茱萸碱（3.2 μM）联合给药增强SGC-7901/DDP化疗敏感性的作用明显强于二者单独给药（P <0.001）;Western Blot结果表明,SGC-7901/DDP细胞经吴茱萸碱、小檗碱处理后,caspase-3、caspase-9表达上调,P-gp、MRP表达下调。结论：吴茱萸碱、小檗碱单用及其联用可在体外显著增强SGC-7901/DDP细胞对DDP的敏感性,其效应与凋亡蛋白caspase-3、caspase-9表达升高,耐药相关蛋白P-gp、MRP表达下调相关。     

Atypical apoptosis in L929 cells induced by evodiamine isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa

Two alkaloids, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, isolated from the dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham were evaluated in vitro for antiproliferation activity on tumor cells versus human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Evodiamine had more potent cytotoxic effects on five tumor cell lines (human malignant melanoma A375-S2, human cervical cancer HeLa, human breast adenocarcinoma MCF7, human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1, murine fibrosarcoma L929) than rutaecarpine. Moreover, evodiamine did not affect PBMC viability for a 36 h culture period. Although apoptotic bodies were observed in evodiamine-treated L929 cells stained with Hoechst 33258, DNA fragmentation as a hallmark of apoptosis was not found. Caspases were involved in the protection of L929 cells against cell death. Evodiamine initiated atypical apoptosis in L929 cells by cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.     

HPLC法同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱与吴茱萸内酯的含量

目的:建立同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱与吴茱萸内酯含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为迪马C1(8200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.04%庚烷磺酸钠溶液(48:52,V/V),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为225nm,柱温为35℃。结果:吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、吴茱萸内酯的进样浓度分别在5.38～53.80、5.02～50.20、10.30～103.00μg·mL-(1r均为0.9999)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系;三者平均加样回收率分别为99.75%、97.66%、85.68%,RSD分别为0.67%、1.16%、1.54%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、可行、重复性好,可用于吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量测定;但吴茱萸内酯的回收率较低,需进一步改进其测定方法。