Management of recurrent urinary tract infections in adults

Many women will experience one or more urinary tract infection (UTI) during their life. The most unfortunate will have many. Men presenting with infections, and women with recurrent episodes, require further investigation. A diagnosis of a UTI is often based on a typical spectrum of symptoms, with confirmatory urine cultures lagging a few days behind. Unfortunately, symptoms of a UTI may not be typical, and other conditions can manifest similarly. Treatment of UTI with antibiotics is usually required, but there is increasing awareness of the need for antimicrobial stewardship to avoid the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, even as patients are increasingly reluctant to take them. Recurrent UTI can cause significant morbidity and disruption to daily activities yet investigations rarely demonstrate a reversible cause. There are a host of different antibiotic and non-antibiotic interventions that aim to lower the risk of further infections. However, these are not reliably effective, bring side effects of their own and are often proposed to this desperate population of patients on the back of weak evidence of efficacy.     

Fertilization and early embryology: Blocking of human fertilization by carbohydrates

The zona penetration test and triple stain technique were usedto elucidate the blocking effects of carbohydrates on humanfertilization and their mechanisms. In the presence of D-mannoseor D-fructose (final concentration, 50 mmol/1), sperm penetrationthrough the human zona pellucida was completely blocked. Thetriple stain technique revealed that D-fructose (50 mmol/1)significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed the acrosome reactionof human spermatozoa, while D-mannose did not show a suppressiveeffect on the acrosome reaction. These results reinforce ourhypothesis proposed previously, that a mandatory step in humanfertilization is the binding of a D-mannose-binding constituentof the sperm surface to a D-mannose residue in the sperm receptorsite on the zona pellucida. In addition, D-fructose may playan important role as an acrosome stabilizing factor in seminalfluid.     

注射用甘露聚糖肽两种含量测定方法的比较

目的 比较注射用甘露聚糖肽的两种含量测定方法。 方法 分别采用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定D-甘露糖的含量。 结果 分光光度法测定中,供试品溶于苯酚溶液和硫酸中,于 490 nm 波长处检测,D-甘露糖衍生物浓度线性范围是 10.2~51 μg/ml(r=0.999 1),平均含量为92.14%, RSD平均值为1.17%。HPLC法测定中,用色谱柱:Gemini C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相:乙腈-0.02 mol/L 乙酸铵溶液(20:80),流速:1 ml/min;检测波长:250 nm;柱温:30 ℃;进样量:10 μl。检测结果,平均含量为83.47%, RSD平均值为0.65%,两种方法均能有效测定D-甘露糖的含量。 结论 分光光度法测定的平均含量较高,但检测中使用的苯酚有特殊臭味、有毒、具腐蚀性,对操作者会造成一定的危险性;HPLC法专属性强,色谱图更直观,对操作者的危害性和刺激性较小。同时建立一种测定D-甘露糖的新方法。     

气相色谱法测定燕窝中醛糖的含量

 目的建立燕窝中4种醛糖的分离分析方法。方法燕窝中的4种醛糖首先在2 mol·L^-1的盐酸甲醇中水解20 h,用氢氧化钾-甲醇中和后再在吡啶乙酸酐溶液中乙酰化。采用毛细管气相色谱法,HP-5柱,程序升温法进行测定。结果甘露糖、半乳糖、N-乙酰半乳糖和N-1内线性良好;平均回收率分别为95.7%,96.1%,95.1%和97.0%。结论本方法具有分辨率好、灵敏度高等特点,同时也为真假燕窝的鉴别提供了一种行之有效的方法。     

视网膜色素上皮细胞对含甘露糖的HRP的吞噬作用

为探讨甘露糖受体在视网膜色素上皮细胞吞噬过程中的作用,用富含甘露糖的糖蛋白辣根过氧化酶(HRP)作为吞噬刺激物,D-甘露糖作为抑制剂,对48只Wistar大鼠眼球的视网膜色素上皮细胞在吞噬过程中其甘露糖受体的作用进行了研究,光密度计测定了视网膜色素上皮细胞内摄入HRP的含量,结果表明:HRP在一定浓度内,视网膜色素上皮细胞摄入HRP的含量与其浓度呈正相关;视网膜色素上皮细胞对一定浓度HRP的摄入在4小时内呈线性增加,在培养介质中加入10 mmol的D-甘露糖,视网膜色素上皮细胞对HRP的摄入量明显减少;1mmol的D-甘露糖对其抑制作用很小,100mmol的D-甘露糖对其抑制作用较大.以上结果提示,视网膜色素上皮细胞对HRP的摄入作用本要是山特异性甘露糖受体所介导.     

The inhibition of insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas after thyroxine treatment

Summary Thyroxine treatment did not significantly affect the immediate insulin secretory response of the perfused rat pancreas, but it inhibited the late phase of D-glucose-induced insulin secretion. Thyroxine treatment did not inhibit D-glyceraldehyde-, D-mannose-, and tolbutamide-induced insulin release from the perfused pancreas. An increase in the D-glucose concentration of the perfusion medium as well as feeding of the rats did not restore insulin secretion after thyroxine treatment. The inhibition of D-glucose-induced insulin release in response to thyroxine treatment was reversed after addition of either D-glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, DL-glyceric acid, pyruvate, or -ketobutyrate to the perfusion medium. Tolbutamide, L-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-lactate, and propionic acid were not able to overcome the inhibition of D-glucose-induced insulin secretion. Except for -ketobutyrate all substances which were effective in reversing the inhibition of D-glucose-induced insulin release were glycolytic intermediates. Comparing the glycolytic -ketoacid pyruvate and the non-glycolytic ketoacid -ketobutyrate, the only part common to both substances was the ketoacid moiety. It is concluded from these findings that the ketoacid moiety of the -ketoacids plays an important role in reversing the effect of thyroxine on D-glucose-induced insulin release.This work was presented in part at the 11^th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Munich, September, 1975     

Atractylodin targets GLA to regulate D-mannose metabolism to inhibit osteogenic differentiation of human valve interstitial cells and ameliorate aortic valve calcification

Atractylodin (ATL) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Osteogenic changes induced by inflammation in valve interstitial cells (VICs) play a key role in the development of calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD). This study aimed to investigate the anti-calcification effects of ATL on aortic valves. Human VICs (hVICs) were exposed to osteogenic induction medium (OM) containing ATL to investigate cell viability, osteogenic gene and protein expression, and anti-calcification effects. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) metabolomics analysis was used to detect changes in the metabolites of hVICs stimulated with OM before and after ATL administration. The compound-reaction-enzyme-gene network was used to identify drug targets. Gene interference was used to verify the targets. ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet were used to evaluate the inhibition of aortic valve calcification by ATL. Treatment with 20 μM ATL in OM prevented calcified nodule accumulation and decreases in the gene and protein expression levels of ALP, RUNX2, and IL-1β. Differential metabolite analysis showed that D-mannose was highly associated with the anti-calcification effect of ATL. The addition of D-mannose prevented calcified nodule accumulation and inhibited succinate-mediated HIF-1α activation and IL-1β production. The target of ATL was identified as GLA. Silencing of the GLA gene (si-GLA) reversed the anti-osteogenic differentiation of ATL. In vivo, ATL ameliorated aortic valve calcification by preventing decreases in GLA expression and the up-regulation of IL-1β expression synchronously. In conclusion, ATL is a potential drug for the treatment of CAVD by targeting GLA to regulate D-mannose metabolism, thereby inhibiting succinate-mediated HIF-1α activation and IL-1β production.