2005～2007年常熟市3家二甲医院抗高血压药利用分析

目的：分析2005～2007年常熟市3家二甲医院抗高血压药用药现状和发展趋势,评价药物利用情况。方法：对上述3家医院目前临床应用的抗高血压药,从销售金额和用药频度（DDDs）进行排序。结果：3年来抗高血压药销售金额和DDDs均有不同程度的增长。DDDs排序显示,氨氯地平、厄贝沙坦、贝那普利是3家医院降压治疗临床选择频率最高的品种。在金额和DDDs排序前列的品种主要包括钙通道阻滞剂（CCB）、血管紧张素受体阻断剂（ARB）、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）和β-受体阻滞剂、利尿剂类药物。结论：采用不同的药物治疗策略,在良好控制血压的同时兼顾保护靶器官,已成为上述3家医院降压治疗的主流趋势。     

XIVth World Congress of Pharmacology San Francisco,CA, July 7–12, 2002 New Cardiovascular Drugs

The XIVth World Congress of Pharmacology took place July 7–12, 2002 in Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, CA. Over 4,000 scientists, exhibitors and guests attended the Congress. It consisted of 40 symposia, 11 workshops, 18 plenary lectures and ca. 1,400 posters. The Congress was sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Inspire Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline. The major financial donors were: Eli Lilly and Company, Servier, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Schering‐Plough, Wyeth and Yamanouchi Foundation. This report covers only presentations and posters on drugs that were attended or viewed by the author.     

Effects of hydralazines on canine muscarinic ganglion transmission

The effects of hydralazine, dihydralazine and 4-propyl-1-hydrazinophthalazine (4-propyhydralazine) were investigated on reflex pressor responses to increased intracranial fluid pressure (IIP) during occlusion of the abdominal two independent vascular zones in the animal (Steinberg and Hilton, 1966a). Increasing intracranial fluid pressure during MVO elicits a reflex pressor response which consists of two components. One component is blocked by the nicotonic ganglionic blocking agent, chlorisondamine, and the other component is blocked by small doses of atropine. It was found that hydralazine and dihydralazine were effective in blocking residual pressor responses following partial blockade of reflex pressor responses to IIP with chlorisondamine. 4-Propylhydralazine, which is chemically similar to hydralazine and dihydralazine, was less active in inhibiting the residual pressor responses. It is suggested that hydralazine may act in part by interfering with muscarinic ganglionic transmission.     

The effect on heart rate of combining single-dose fingolimod with steady-state atenolol or diltiazem in healthy subjects

Objective The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod (FTY720) is known to elicit a negative chronotropic effect at treatment initiation that attenuates over time with continued dosing. The authors determined the effect of combining a single dose of fingolimod with steady-state atenolol or diltiazem on heart rate and mean arterial pressure. Methods In a partially randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period, crossover study, 25 healthy subjects received (1) a single oral 5-mg dose of fingolimod, (2) either 50 mg atenolol or 240 mg diltiazem once daily for 5 days, and (3) the antihypertensive for 5 days and a single dose of fingolimod on day 5. Telemetry and pharmacokinetic data were collected. Results The daytime mean heart rate nadir was 15% lower when fingolimod was combined with atenolol (42 ± 7 bpm) compared with fingolimod alone (51 ± 9 bpm) yielding a combination/monotherapy ratio of 0.85 (90%CI, 0.79–0.92). The daytime mean heart rate nadir from fingolimod alone (55 ± 5 bpm) was not altered when combined with diltiazem (56 ± 8 bpm) yielding a ratio of 0.99 (0.94–1.05). There was no clinically relevant change in mean arterial pressure when fingolimod was administered with atenolol or diltiazem compared with administration of the drugs alone in normotensive subjects. The pharmacokinetics of the drugs were not altered during coadministration. Conclusion Adding fingolimod to a beta-blocker such as atenolol resulted in a moderately lower mean heart rate nadir compared with fingolimod alone. However, subjects who had a stronger negative chronotropic response to fingolimod alone (nadir < 50 bpm) had minimal or no further reduction in heart rate with the drug combination. Adding fingolimod to a calcium channel blocker such as diltiazem did not further lower the heart rate compared to fingolimod alone.     

Risk Factors for Postpartum Antihypertensive Medication Requirement in Severe Preeclampsia

Objective: To determine antepartum risk factors for postpartum antihypertensive medication use in women with severe preeclampsia. Methods: A case control study was performed on patients who were diagnosed with severe preeclampsia between January 2000 and June 2004 at a single tertiary care center. Women discharged from the hospital on antihypertensive medications were compared to women discharged home on no antihypertensive medications. Demographic data, maternal medical conditions, and delivery data were abstracted from maternal charts. Risk factors were evaluated using multiple logistic regression. Results: 218 patients with severe preeclampsia were identified, of which 112 were discharged on antihypertensives. After adjusting for confounding variables, chronic hypertension was associated with an increased need for post partum antihypertensive medication (OR 7.5 (95% CI 3.0–18.1)). A dose-dependent association was seen with intrapartum hydralazine administration. High-dose hydralazine was associated with increased need for postpartum antihypertensive mediation (OR 5.74 95% CI 2.03–16.2) compared to low-dose hydralazine (OR of 2.51 95% CI 1.26–5.01). Hemolysis/Elevated liver function/low platelet (HELLP) syndrome was associated with a decreased need for antihypertensive medication (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13–0.82). Conclusions: Patients with chronic hypertension and patients who required intrapartum hydralazine were more likely to require antihypertensive medications at discharge.     

我院2007～2009年抗高血压药应用分析

目的评价我院抗高血压药的应用情况及趋势。方法对我院2007～2009年抗高血压药的销售金额、用药频度及日均费用等进行统计、分析。结果我院抗高血压药销售金额、用药频度呈增长趋势,以钙拮抗药、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂、利尿降压药等为临床一线药;血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药用量逐年增加。结论我院抗高血压药的使用结构基本合理;开发质优价廉的长效复方制剂对控制高血压及其并发症具有重要的临床意义。     

The Role of Losartan in Cost-effective Hypertension Control

Summary

Despite recent guidelines emphasising the need for aggressive treatment in patients with elevated blood pressure, the control of hypertension in Europe and the USA is poor, imposing a considerable burden in terms of patient morbidity and mortality, and associated healthcare costs. A major factor contributing to the suboptimal control of hypertension is the failure of patients to adhere to their prescribed therapy. Drug side-effects are an important cause of non-compliance and prescribing a well-tolerated agent that promotes good compliance is therefore the key to the cost-effective management of hypertension. Several studies have demonstrated that patients are more likely to remain on therapy with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan than other antihypertensives.

Although the acquisition costs of new antihypertensives such as losartan are greater than for older drugs, such costs represent only a small proportion of the total cost of prescribing antihypertensive therapy. When accessory costs are also considered, the total cost of care with newer antihypertensives is comparable with those for diuretics. The costs involved if therapy has to be switched due to unacceptable side-effects also need to be taken into account when assessing relative cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, savings may accrue from the non-haemodynamic benefits of losartan, such as improved cognitive function and renal protection. Further studies will increase awareness of the true cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.     

Optimal medical treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and hypertension is its most prevalent modifiable risk factor. Patients with CAD and concomitant hypertension are a special population with distinct physiologic and structural alterations. Optimal blood pressure (BP) control in this population has been linked with reduction in adverse outcomes, however, excessive lowering of BP could jeopardize myocardial and cerebral perfusion.

Areas covered: Authors highlight the prevalence of the CAD and hypertension dyad, as well as the implications of various structural and physiological changes in this population. Subsequently, available data on optimal BP targets in such patients, and lastly the J-curve phenomenon as well as antihypertensive agent use are discussed.

Expert commentary: Current guideline recommendations are based on data from trials such as SPRINT and ACCORD which did not specifically focus on the CAD population. Based on data from observational studies and post hoc analyses, the best therapeutic systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) targets may be ~ 130 mmHg and ~ 80 mmHg, respectively. Caution should be taken to not lower SBP below 120 mmHg and DBP below 60 mmHg.