影响住院医师规范化培训开展的因素分析

目的 探讨影响住院医师规范化培训开展的相关因素。方法 本文选取解放军总参谋部总医院住院医师规范化培训的相关数据,以到位率为参考,研究影响培训开展的因素。结果 通过回顾性统计分析,发现培训时间、院方政策、外请专家等与培训的到位率有关。结论 住院医师规范化培训的培训时间、院方政策、外请专家等对顺利开展培训、提高培训质量有潜在的影响。     

Rates of first hospitalizations for affective psychoses in Costa Rica

What demographic, geographic, and temporal factors characterize the rate of first hospitalizations for affective psychosis in Costa Rica? This report presents graphically the first hospitalization rates for the whole country of Costa Rica, with analysis of specific rates for the subgroups by age, sex, marital status, level of education, occupation, place of residence and place of birth, as well as separate rates by month and date of hospital admission, monopolar first admissions inereased slowly from the age of 10 to the age of 45 vears, then “exploded” to a peak between 55 and 65 years, then declined somewhat. The educational group among men with the highest rate was the group with at least some university education. Professionals, clerical workers, unskilled laborers, and those with no occupation had high rates. Higher rates were also associated with being single, divorced, widowed, having no occupation, and living in rural, coffe-growing areas that were not too distant from the hospital.     

Peculiarities in the designations of hepatitis B virus genes,their products,and their antigenic specificities: a potential source of misunderstandings

Virus Genes - The nomenclature of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genes and their products has developed stepwise, occasionally in an erratic way, creating many misunderstandings, especially among...     

Occurrence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa): sanitary concerns of farming

Red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) are a significant part of the culture, diet and income for many people in central and southern Spain. Due to declining populations in the wild, intensive farming is common and 4 million juvenile partridges are released each autumn. Intensive management and high densities result in high prevalence of enteric disease and the use of antimicrobials as preventive measures on partridge farms and prior to restocking in the wild. We determined the occurrence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), and screened phenotypic resistance of E. coli against enrofloxacin, gentamicin and cefotaxim in farmed, restocked and wild partridges. Prevalence of APEC in farmed and restocked red-legged partridges was significantly higher than in natural populations. Phenotypic resistance against both gentamicin and enrofloxacin was significantly more frequent in farmed (75%) and restocked (43%) partridges than in wild partridges, while most E. coli isolated from natural populations were susceptible to all three antimicrobials tested (65%). This indicates that farmed and restocked partridges carry APEC that could be a reason for disease outbreaks on farms, and that E. coli carried by farmed and restocked partridges can acquire resistance to frequently used antimicrobials, thus being a concern for the environment, wild birds and consumers. Management in farms and restocking procedures may create a hazard not only for spreading APEC, but also as a potential source of resistant E. coli in the environment.     

从中药注射剂不良反应看中药的上市后再评价问题

通过分析中药注射剂常见不良反应的表现及产生原因,从药物组成、安全性、有效性、药物经济学、质量标准、与化学药的联合应用等方面评述了中药注射剂的上市后再评价问题。     

Avian pathogenic, uropathogenic, and newborn meningitis-causing Escherichia coli: how closely related are they?

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and newborn meningitis-causing E. coli (NMEC) establish infections in extraintestinal habitats (extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli; ExPEC) of different hosts. As diversity, epidemiological sources, and evolutionary origins of ExPEC are so far only partially defined, we screened a collection of 526 strains of medical and veterinary origin of various O-types for assignment to E. coli reference collection (ECOR) group and virulence gene patterns. Results of ECOR typing confirmed that human ExPEC strains mostly belong to groups B2, followed by group D. Although a considerable portion of APEC strains did also fell into ECOR group B2 (35.1%), a higher amount (46.1%) belonged to group A, which has previously been described to also harbour strains with a high pathogenic potential for humans. The number of virulence-associated genes of single strains ranged from 5 to 26 among 33 genes tested and high numbers were rather related to K1-positive and ECOR B2 strains than to a certain pathotype. With a few exceptions (iha, afa/draB, sfa/foc, and hlyA), which were rarely present in APEC strains, most chromosomally located genes were widely distributed among all ExPEC strains irrespective of host and pathotype. However, prevalence of invasion genes (ibeA and gimB) and K1 capsule-encoding gene neuC indicated a closer relationship between APEC and NMEC strains. Genes associated with ColV plasmids (tsh, iss, and the episomal sit locus) were in general more prevalent in APEC than in UPEC and NMEC strains, indicating that APEC could be a source of ColV-located genes or complete plasmids for other ExPEC strains. Our data support the hypothesis that (a) poultry may be a vehicle or even a reservoir for human ExPEC strains, (b) APEC potentially serve as a reservoir of virulence-associated genes for UPEC and NMEC, (c) some ExPEC strains, although of different pathotypes, may share common ancestors, and (d) as a conclusion certain APEC subgroups have to be considered potential zoonotic agents. The finding of different evolutionary clusters within these three pathotypes implicates an independently and parallel evolution, which should be resolved in the future by thorough phylogenetic typing.     

Identifying trends,patterns, and collaborations in nursing career research: A bibliometric snapshot (1980–2017)

BackgroundSeveral studies have investigated the social and technical dimensions of a career in nursing. This paper reveals tendencies and patterns in relevant literature, through bibliometrics and scientometrics.AimThis article aims to shed light on the scientific literature of nursing as a career, which is a growing field of study in the nursing category of the Web of Science.MethodsThe researchers designed and conducted a bibliometric and scientometric study in the Web of Science Database, in April 2018. The 1,434 articles the authors evaluated were published between 1980 and 2017 in the Web of Science database. They analyzed the retrieved dataset through distance-based, graph-based, and timeline-based approaches, and text analytics in the scope of scientometrics and bibliometrics.FindingsThe authors used summary statistics, text, and network analytics to determine the number of publications over the years. In addition, citation metrics, demographics, co-authorship identifications, citations, co-occurrence networks, and topic structures were used. In the keyword analysis of the studies, the concepts “nurse restriction,” “satisfaction,” “difficulties in the working environment,” and “burn out and stress” were found to be used intensively.Discussion and ConclusionThis study is intended for nurses, managers, researchers, and also policymakers, because it is critical for them to see the rhetoric of the debates in the literature and provide the best governance and the best quality services.