儿童结核病的合理用药

结核病是严重危害儿童健康的重要传染性疾病，儿童结核病的发病率影响未来成人结核患者的数量，重视儿童结核病对疾病控制具有重要意义，要控制和消灭结核病，必须十分重视儿童结核病的防治，然而不规范的治疗将直接影响治疗效果，该文就儿童结核病的合理用药进行阐述。     

Tuberculosis during lung cancer treatment-A case series

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of patients with lung cancer undergoing treatment until the onset of tuberculosis. Between 2005 and 2019, patients who were admitted to Tokyo National Hospital due to tuberculosis during lung cancer treatment were examined retrospectively. There were 42 patients, and detailed medical information was obtained in 39 patients. The median age of the 39 patients were 75 years (range: 47–92 years), of which 33 were males and 36 were Japanese Baby Boomers or older. Regarding risk factors for developing tuberculosis, smoking was noted in 34 cases, oral corticosteroid use in 13, and previous tuberculosis in six. Thirty-seven patients had one risk factor and 19 had two or more risk factors, but diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was obtained in only one patients, and none had received LTBI treatment. The first-line treatment for lung cancer was resection in 13 cases, chemoradiotherapy in 6, chemotherapy in 10, radiation therapy in 3, laser therapy in 1, and best supportive care (BSC) alone in 6. At tuberculosis onset, BSC accounted for 17 cases, but other situations were considerably existed such as anticancer medication (12 cases), and observation after lung cancer treatment (10 cases). Tuberculosis occurred in various situations in elderly patients with lung cancer. It is critical to actively evaluate the risk of tuberculosis and consider LTBI screening and treatment.     

HIV/AIDS患者结核潜伏感染的影响因素研究

背景 结核病是导致人免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征（HIV/AIDS）患者死亡的首要原因，而HIV感染也是导致结核潜伏感染（LTBI）发展为结核病的主要危险因素。因此，对HIV/AIDS患者进行LTBI筛查和治疗是预防该类人群结核病的发生从而减少其死亡的重要举措。 目的 对宁夏回族自治区银川市市区内HIV/AIDS患者进行LTBI筛查，并分析其影响因素，识别高危人群，为HIV/AIDS患者结核病的预防性治疗提供科学依据。 方法 选取2021年3—8月于宁夏回族自治区银川市市区内定点管理单位治疗的546例HIV/AIDS患者为研究对象。通过现场问卷调查及查阅患者管理档案的方式收集HIV/AIDS患者的一般资料，其中一般人口学特征包括性别、年龄、民族、学历、婚姻状况、家庭人均年收入、职业类型、体质指数（BMI）、吸烟情况、饮酒情况等；临床资料包括慢性病患病情况、与结核病患者密切接触情况、HIV/AIDS确诊时长、抗病毒治疗时长、合并其他感染情况、近期CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数（CD4）等。通过结核菌素皮肤试验（TST）对研究对象进行LTBI筛查，根据TST结果将546例HIV/AIDS患者分为非LTBI组（TST阴性413例）和LTBI组（TST阳性133例）。比较两组患者的一般资料，采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨HIV/AIDS患者发生LTBI的影响因素，并利用R软件建立限制性立方样条模型拟合CD4与LTBI风险之间的量效关系。 结果 银川市市区内HIV/AIDS患者的TST阳性率为24.4%。已婚〔OR=0.544，95%CI（0.321，0.922），P<0.05〕是HIV/AIDS患者发生LTBI的保护因素；吸烟〔OR=1.919，95%CI（1.213，3.037），P<0.05〕、与结核病患者有过密切接触〔OR=11.100，95%CI（2.889，42.648），P<0.05〕是HIV/AIDS患者发生LTBI的危险因素。限制性立方样条模型拟合结果显示，HIV/AIDS患者的CD4与LTBI风险呈近似"n"形的非线性关系（非线性检验χ2=29.080，P<0.001）。 结论 应重点关注HIV/AIDS患者中未婚、吸烟、与结核病患者有过密切接触人群LTBI的发生情况，并及时进行预防性治疗；对于CD4较低的患者，建议采用多种方法进行LTBI筛查。     

Isoniazid resistance in patients with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis using line probe assay in a private multispecialty hospital in Bangalore,India

We aimed to study the rate of isoniazid (INH) resistance in Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis samples from a private care setting.A Line probe assay was performed on 74 culture isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or directly on extrapulmonary samples received in our laboratory from 2018 to 2021.The INH mono-resistance among these extrapulmonary samples was 6.7%. (5 among 74) (95% CI: 1.04%–12.48%) Resistance to rifampicin was not detected.Increasing the availability and leveraging public private partnerships in hospitals for universal testing for INH resistance may increase detection of INH monoresistance in EP-TB and improve the strategy for TB elimination.     

Performance evaluation of newly developed fluorescence immunoassay-based interferon-gamma release assay for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers

The ichroma? IGRA-TB (Boditech Med Inc., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea) is an automated fluorescent immunoassay-based point-of-care interferon-gamma release assay for detecting latent tuberculosis infection. We evaluated this assay with 408 health care workers, and demonstrated its acceptable performances comparing to QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus (QFT-Plus; Qiagen, Germantown, MD).     

30 years of ocular proton therapy,the Nice view

PurposeRadiotherapy with protons (PT) is a standard treatment of ocular tumors. It achieves excellent tumor control, limited toxicities, and the preservation of important functional outcomes, such as vision. Although PT may appear as one homogenous technique, it can be performed using dedicated ocular passive scattering PT or, increasingly, Pencil Beam Scanning (PBS), both with various degrees of patient-oriented customization.Materaial and methodsMEDICYC PT facility of Nice are detailed with respect to their technical, dosimetric, microdosimetric and radiobiological, patient and tumor-customization process of PT planning and delivery that are key. 6684 patients have been treated for ocular tumors (1991–2020). Machine characteristics (accelerator, beam line, beam monitoring) allow efficient proton extraction, high dose rate, sharp lateral and distal penumbrae, and limited stray radiation in comparison to beam energy reduction and subsequent straggling with high-energy PBS PT. Patient preparation before PT includes customized setup and image-guidance, CT-based planning, and ocular PT software modelling of the patient eye with integration of beam modifiers. Clinical reports have shown excellent tumor control rates (～95%), vision preservation and limited toxicity rates (papillopathy, retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, dry eye, madarosis, cataract).ResultsAlthough demanding, dedicated ocular PT has proven its efficiency in achieving excellent tumor control, OAR sparing and patient radioprotection. It is therefore worth adaptations of the equipments and practice.ConclusionsSome of these adaptations can be transferred to other PT centers and should be acknowledeged when using non-PT options.     

药物雾化吸入疗法联合纤支镜介入疗法治疗支气管内膜结核患者的疗效分析

目的 探讨抗结核药物雾化吸入疗法联合纤支镜介入疗法治疗支气管内膜结核的可行性。方法 选取2018年3月～2019年3月在沈阳市第十人民医院住院治疗的80例支气管内膜结核患者作为研究对象,将患者随机分为两组,各40例。对照组予2HRZE/10HR方案口服药物抗结核治疗,研究组在对照组基础上,应用抗结核药物雾化吸入疗法联合纤支镜介入疗法。比较两组患者治疗效果、治疗的总疗程、不良反应及并发症的发生率。结果 研究组在总有效率、痰菌转阴时间及总治疗疗程方面分别为92.5%、(28.77±4.12)d、(39.2±6.28)周,相对于对照组的为75.0%、(39.49±5.72)d、(47.3±6.65)周,两组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。除术中出血方面两组有统计学差异(P0.05)外,两组其余不良反应者无明显差异(P0.05)。结论 对EBTB患者,在常规抗结核治疗基础上联合使用药物雾化吸入疗法和纤维支气管镜介入疗法治疗可迅速缓解患者临床症状,缩短菌阳患者的痰菌转阴时间及治疗疗程,促进肺不张恢复,提高治疗效果。     

手术治疗脊柱结核病灶清除术后感染的疗效

【摘要】 目的：探讨手术治疗脊柱结核病灶清除术后合并感染的疗效分析。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月~2018年12月在我院骨科收治的因脊柱结核术后感染而再次手术的患者的资料18例，其中男性11例，女性7例，年龄27~76岁，平均46.6±18.3岁，随访12~36个月，平均18.6±6.5个月，统计合并症、首次手术方式、致病菌种类、手术时间、术中出血量、术后植骨融和情况等资料，统计手术前、术后2周以及末次随访Cobb角以及C反应蛋白（C-reactive protein，CRP）、血沉、疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale，VAS）；根据美国脊髓损伤协会损伤分级（American Spinal Injury Association，ASIA）分析患者手术前及末次随访时的截瘫程度的变化，综合上述因素，评价手术治疗脊柱结核术后感染的疗效分析及相关风险。结果：18例患者中，感染金黄色葡萄球菌4例，大肠埃希菌3例，肺炎克雷伯菌2例，表面葡萄球菌2例，溶血性葡萄球菌2例，厌氧菌1例，铜绿假单胞菌1例，阴沟肠杆菌1例；鲍曼不动杆菌2例。14例采取了单纯后路手术，4例采取了前后路联合的手术。手术时间为97～280min，出血量为100～1200ml。患者术前血沉45.6±25.8mm/h，CRP为38.3±42.0mg/L，VAS评分为6.3±1.5分，Cobb角为15.3°±6.7°；术后2周时血沉30.3±11.0mm/h，CRP为24.1±8.9mg/L，VAS评分2.4±1.2分，Cobb角12.6°±5.8°；末次随访血沉14.2±9.6mm/h，CRP为11.6±13.2mg/L，VAS评分为1.8±1.1分，Cobb角12.8°±4.7°，均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。1例ASIA B级患者术后恢复至D级、1例ASIA C级患者及4例ASIA D级患者末次随访时ASIA分级达到E级；有1例ASIA D级患者术后仍评为D级，但患者疼痛等症状明显恢复，生活基本自理。术后3～5个月植骨融合率100%。所有患者再次术后未见明显并发症。结论：脊柱结核术后感染的患者，经过充分抗感染、手术中彻底清除病灶、术后充分引流后，也能取得很好的治疗效果。