山东省青岛市城阳区糖尿病患者慢性并发症现状调查

目的对山东省青岛市城阳区糖尿病(DM)患者的慢性并发症现状进行横断面调查。方法对2019年3—12月青岛市城阳区参与“三高共管”项目的8个辖区街道的DM患者进行随机抽样调查,按有无慢性并发症将患者分为2组,对患者的人口学资料、人体测量学等指标进行问卷调查,比较2组DM患者的特点,并对DM慢性并发症的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果本研究共随机抽取DM患者26090例进行调查,其中男12560例,女13530例,有慢性并发症者18950例,无慢性并发症者7140例;肥胖、文化程度低、血糖控制欠佳、遵医嘱行为差、合并基础疾病的DM患者更容易出现并发症。亚组分析表明,女性DM患者的心血管疾病、神经病变和眼科疾病的发生率高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平越高,DM病程越长,DM患者的慢性并发症发生率均越高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。患者慢性并发症越多,则人均治疗费用越高,年住院次数越多,住院时间越长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、DM病程、HbA1c、空腹血糖(FBG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、尿白蛋白肌酐比值(UACR)、24 h尿蛋白定量、文化程度、规律服药程度、规律测量血糖程度均是DM慢性并发症的影响因素(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论青岛市城阳区DM患者慢性并发症发生率较高,且影响因素较多,尽早明确危险因素有助于防治DM慢性并发症。     

Current challenges in applying gene-driven therapies in clinical lung cancer practice

Over the last twenty years, with the development of gene-driven therapies, numerous new drugs have entered clinical use. Very few of these new drugs are suitable for a large number of patients, and all require molecular genetic testing. In lung cancer, gene-targeted therapy has evolved rapidly and has placed demands on the development of diagnostics and tissue sample preparation and logistics. Rapid diagnosis and prevalence assessment are necessary to determine the prognosis of a lung cancer patient based on the latest research findings. Therefore, the molecular-genetic diagnostic pathway must also be accelerated and matured to do the necessary analyses on small samples. Because lung cancer rebiopsy can be difficult, liquid biopsy techniques should be developed to cover more of the treatable mutations. There are obstacles related to tissue sampling, new genomic techniques and access to gene-driven cancer drugs, including their affordability. With this review and case study, we go into the obstacles faced by our clinic and discuss how to tackle these obstacles in lung cancer. We use lung cancer as an example due to its complexity, though these same obstacles are found in different cancers on a minor scale.     

Comparing estimation approaches for the illness–death model under left truncation and right censoring

Left‐truncated data arise when lifetimes are observed only if they are larger than independent truncation times. For example, in a cross‐sectional sampling, only individuals who live long enough to be present on the sampling day are observed. There are several ways to perform statistical inference under this setting. One can do the following: (i) use an unconditional approach, (ii) condition on the value of the truncation variable, or (iii) condition on all the history up to the time of truncation. The latter two approaches are equivalent when analyzing univariate survival outcomes but differ under the multi‐state framework. In this paper, we consider the illness–death model and compare between the three estimation approaches in a parametric regression framework. We show that approach (ii) is more efficient than the standard approach (iii), although it requires more computational effort. Approach (i) is the most efficient approach, but it requires knowledge on the distribution of the truncation variable and hence is less robust. The methods are compared using a theoretical example and simulations and are applied to intensive care units data collected in a cross‐sectional design, where the illness state corresponds to a bloodstream infection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

美罗培南治疗药物监测的HPLC方法探索及其临床采样流程建立

目的：建立HPLC法测定人血浆中美罗培南的血药浓度，结合其稳定性研究制定临床采样流程，并应用到治疗药物监测个体化给药方案设计。方法：血浆样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白，取上清加水稀释后进样分析；色谱柱为Venusil HILIC（4.6 mm×250 mm，5.0 μm）；流动相为50 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾含0.05%甲酸-乙腈（30：70，V/V）；流速0.8 mL·min^-1；检测波长为299 nm；柱温40℃；分别考察美罗培南全血、溶血样本在不同温度、不同采血管等条件下的稳定性。结果：美罗培南在0.38~71.30 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9），定量下限为0.38 μg·mL^-1，低、中、高浓度的萃取回收率在101.87%~107.89%，日内、日间RSD均小于2.81%；以EDTA-K2为最佳的临床采血管，EDTA-K2管和肝素钠管中的美罗培南能在室温（19~22℃）下稳定4 h；溶血样本在2~6℃冰箱存放7 h稳定，但相对于EDTA-K2管和血浆质控，肝素钠管会使美罗培南检出率偏高；血浆样本在室温（19~22℃）、2~6℃冰箱内6 h、-40℃冻存20 d、-40℃反复冻融3次均稳定。结论：建立的TDM临床采样流程充分考虑了临床采样的实际情况并能确保美罗培南药物的稳定性及分析检测结果的准确性，可满足临床血药浓度监测需求。     

“Double-Down” Adrenal Vein Sampling Results in Patients with Apparent Bilateral Aldosterone Suppression: Utility of Repeat Sampling including Super-Selective Sampling

PurposeTo report outcomes of patients undergoing adrenal vein sampling (AVS) for primary aldosteronism with results indicating apparent bilateral adrenal suppression (ABAS), in which the adrenal aldosterone-to-cortisol ratios are decreased bilaterally (“double-down”) compared to the non-adrenal sample, and evaluate repeat AVS results.Materials and MethodsBetween 2003 and 2020, 762 patients underwent AVS. Twenty patients (2.6%; male, 12; female, 8; age 50.3 ± 9.7 years) with ABAS on initial AVS were identified. Ten underwent repeat AVS. Super-selective AVS (SS-AVS) was employed in 6 of 10 repeat AVS (60%). Outcomes after AVS were analyzed. A lateralization index (LI) >4 was considered an indication for adrenalectomy.ResultsRepeat AVS was diagnostic in 70% of patients (n = 7), with 6 of 7 lateralizing with LI >4 (median LI = 32.3; range 4.6–54.8) and 1 of 7 nearly lateralizing (LI = 3.5). All 7 patients underwent adrenalectomy. ABAS was redemonstrated in 3 patients (30%): 2 with unilateral adenomas on cross-sectional imaging underwent adrenalectomy despite ABAS results and 1 was lost to follow-up. Four of 6 patients (66%) who underwent SS-AVS were diagnosed with unilateral disease (median LI = 43.3; range 23.9–54.8), with one patient’s diagnosis reliant upon a single super-selective sample. In total, 9 patients underwent adrenalectomy after repeat AVS, all of whom had improved blood pressure control postoperatively. Ten patients did not undergo repeat AVS: 6 were lost to follow-up, 3 underwent medical management, and 1 underwent adrenalectomy.ConclusionsAVS should be repeated when “double-down” ABAS results are encountered. Super-selective sampling may provide worthwhile diagnostic data when employed during repeat AVS.