Skin problems after a tsunami

BACKGROUND: On December 26, 2004, the biggest earthquake for 40 years, measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale, triggered a tsunami that pounded the coastal areas of South Asia and East Africa. The effects of the tsunami on skin conditions have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of the tsunami on skin conditions by evaluating the skin problems of patients presenting at hospitals after the tsunami. METHODS: Between 5 and 25 January 2005, two dermatologists evaluated patients who complained of skin problems at an outpatient clinic and emergency room of a general hospital in Banda Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia. RESULTS: The total number of patients that presented during the study period was 235 (131 males and 104 females), and they had a total of 265 skin problems. In terms of age distribution, most subjects were in their fourth decade (23.0%), followed by the third (22.6%) and fifth decade (16.6%). The most prevalent skin problems were infections-infestations (32.5%), followed by eczemas (29.8%) and traumatic skin disorders (29.4%). In males, traumatic skin disorders were most common. The great majority of infection-infestation cases involved superficial fungal infections. Contact dermatitis accounted for three-quarters of eczema cases, and mainly involved the arms (40.0%) and legs (27.1%). The majority of traumatic skin disorders were lacerations, punctures and penetrations, and the feet (44.7%) and hands (18.8%) were most frequently affected. CONCLUSIONS: Unhygienic conditions, exposure to a hazardous environment and contact with various objects during and after the tsunami probably increased the prevalence of infections-infestations, traumatic skin disorders and contact dermatitis. To prevent these problems and associated secondary bacterial infections, health-related education and early medical management are required.     

平时罕见,特殊情况下发生的几种伤病

一些损伤和疾病平时罕见，特殊情况下可以发生，造成严重危害。特殊情况主要包括严重事故、灾害、战争、恐怖主义活动以及特殊环境与特殊作业的危害等。本阐述了现代战争中发生的贫铀武器伤害、燃料空气炸弹伤害、微波武器伤害和战时精神疾病；可能源于恐怖主义活动的炭疽、天花；严重事故性伤害中的核事故、化学事故和煤矿事故伤害；严重灾害中的地震、海难(海战)落海伤害。中介绍了这些伤病的发生情况、伤害特点与医学救治。     

地震灾后儿童群体性免疫预防实施情况分析

目的及时总结“5．12”汶川大地震灾后甲肝、乙脑疫苗预防接种工作经验，为自然灾害后开展群体性免疫预防工作提供参考。方法按照《江油市地震后甲肝、乙脑预防接种实施方案》开展群体性接种工作。对彰明镇等4个乡镇实施技术指导、现场督导和接种率快速评估。结果4个乡镇甲肝疫苗报告接种率为97．2％（3666／3773），乙脑疫苗报告接种率为99．2％（1389／1400）。快速评估共调查180名儿童，甲肝疫苗接种率为98．1％（155／158），乙脑疫苗接种率为97.3％（73／75）。快速评估结果与报告接种率基本一致。结论本次地震灾后群体性接种活动进展顺利，达到预期指标。灾后开展群体性预防接种需加强调配和培训医务人员，做好接种对象摸底工作．确保安全的接种场所．提供足够疫苗和冷链设备等。     

唐山大地震所致截瘫患者远期心身健康状况调查研究

目的 :研究唐山大地震所致截瘫患者远期心身健康状况。方法 :6 4例唐山大地震所致截瘫患者和 6 4例对照组完成了唐山大地震心身健康调查问卷和标准化评定工具的调查、评定和诊断。结果 :6 4例截瘫患者中有 6例患延迟性应激障碍 (posttraumaticstressdisorder ,PTSD)。PTSD现患率为 9 38%,显著高于正常人群中PTSD的抽样调查结果。 6 4例截瘫患者有 32例地震后发生急性应激性反应 (acutestressreaction ,ASR)。目前截瘫患者心身健康程度显著低于对照组 ,表现在SCL -90中的总分和部分因子分 ,SDS总分和标准分 ,SAS总分和标准分 ,CMI中部分因子分均显著高于对照组 (P均 <0 0 1～ 0 0 0 1)。结论 :心理创伤的严重程度与人类的心身健康之间存在着密切的关系。     

结构抗震设计理论中若干问题的探讨

介绍了工程抗震理论中一些重要的研究进展,并对若干重要问题进行了探讨,提出了一些新的学术观点。这些问题主要包括抗震设计的目标和优化策略、设防标准的确定、地震作用的计算方法、钢筋混凝土结构地震破坏的机理等。     

Indicative evaluation of psychological disturbance amongst young children affected by the January 2010 Haiti earthquake,in Port-au-Prince

The article presents a research for the indicative evaluation of psychological disturbance amongst young children following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. We used a new psychological evaluation questionnaire for young children, the PSYCa 3–6. It is a hetero-evaluation tool and is completed on site by the interviewer. The questionnaire was conducted in Port-au-Prince. The average age of the 166 children taking part in the study was 58 months. Psychological disturbance score appears to be high amongst our child population in Port-au-Prince. This corroborates other research into the psychological condition of natural disaster victims. A higher score of psychological disturbance was observed amongst boys and in the youngest group of children. This first application of the PSYCa 3–6, in a natural disaster area, highlights its capacity to identify children in great difficulties, the acceptability of the questionnaire and its appropriateness for use in humanitarian crisis areas.     

四川震区教师应对方式与总体幸福感关系

目的了解四川震区教师应对方式与总体幸福感的现状及关系。方法使用应对方式问卷和总体幸福感量表对四川地震灾区741名教师进行调查。结果震区教师应对方式在性别、年龄上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);总体幸福感在性别、学历以及灾后教学场所上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);除对生活的满足和兴趣维度,应对方式与总体幸福感各维度呈不同程度的相关关系(r=-0.02～0.37,P<0.05或P<0.01);不成熟型和混合型的应对方式与总体幸福感各维度均呈现负相关;不成熟型、成熟型的应对方式对总体幸福感有预测效果。结论在应付方式和总体幸福感方面,震区男教师比女教师面临更多的问题;震区教师应对方式对其总体幸福感有一定预测作用。     

Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7.4 magnitude earthquake

Objective. PTSD and major depression occur frequently following traumatic exposure, both as separate disorders and concurrently. Although much of Turkey is under threat of severe earthquakes, risk factors for developing psychiatric disorders among Turkish children have not yet been studied. The aim of the study was to examine risk factors for PTSD and depression develpoment in children. Method. A total of 160 survivors (102 girls and 58 boys) severely impacted by Turkey's 7.4-magnitude quake participated in a psychiatric interview 6–20 weeks after the disaster. The mean age was 14.43. Logistic regression was used to test effects of pre-disaster, disaster-related and post-disaster factors on diagnoses, yielding odds ratios (OR). Results. CAPS indicated that 96 (60%) had PTSD, and psychiatric interview found 49 (31%) with depression. Children diagnosed with PTSD were more likely to have witnessed death (OR=2.47) and experienced an extreme parental reaction (OR=3.45). Children with depression were more likely to be male (OR=4.48), have a higher trait anxiety score (OR=1.12 for every additional point), sustain injury (OR=4.29), and have lost a family member in the quake (OR=10.96). Focusing on the 96 children with PTSD, those with comorbid depression were more likely male, have a higher trait anxiety score, and have lost of family member. Conclusions. Mental health professionals should offer support to children witnessing death or losing a family member in a disaster. The ability of the family to remain calm and reassuring also may be a key factor in preventing PTSD.     

颈椎损伤患者的后送体会1例

我国是地震灾害最频发的国家之一。近年发生的较大地震有四川汶川地震、青海玉树地震、云南彝良地震及最近发生的四川芦山地震。地震灾难不仅能在瞬间夺走人们宝贵的生命,而且还会留下大量伤员。据统计,由地震造成的受伤人数是死亡人数的3倍〔1〕。如何及时、有效地后送地震伤员,对于降低死亡率及致残率意义重大。由于受到     

地震期间急诊救治糖尿病酮症酸中毒伴高渗性昏迷1例

患者,男,19岁,身高175cm,体重100kg,系甘孜人。在雅安芦山"4.20"地震期间,因长途坐车,进食少、多次大量饮用冰糖雪梨等含糖高的饮料后,出现疲倦、四肢无力,自行休息,约4h后,上述症状无缓解并出现口渴、厌食、不能自行行走,家人带其至一家私人诊所治疗,给予其"生脉口服液"治疗,效差,患者晕倒。我院120接诊,给氧、建立