Liens entre maltraitance pendant l’enfance ou l’adolescence et consommations de substances à risque chez les jeunes adultes

Aims

Maltreatment during childhood or adolescence has been linked to later physical and social-emotional symptoms, and in particular to the use of risk-related substances. This paper draws up a review of the literature concerning the relationships between childhood maltreatment and risk-related substance use in young adulthood, which is known to be a period of increased psychological vulnerability.

Age-dependent effects of nicotine on locomotor activity and conditioned place preference in rats

Rationale Most adult smokers start smoking during their adolescence. This adolescent initiation may be due to multiple factors, but little evidence is available regarding whether their brains are differentially sensitive to the addictive effects of nicotine during adolescence.Objective To test the hypothesis that adolescents are more sensitive than adults to nicotines rewarding actions.Methods An unbiased, counterbalanced, place-conditioning procedure was used to examine drug-induced reward and locomotor activity. Early adolescent (postnatal day 28), late adolescent (P38) and adult (P90) rats received either saline or nicotine (0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) and were tested for place conditioning.Results During early adolescence, a single nicotine injection (0.5 mg/kg) induced significant conditioned place preference (CPP). In contrast, during late adolescence or adulthood, nicotine did not induce CPP after either one or four conditioning trials. Initial locomotor responses to acute nicotine administration during the first conditioning trial also differed with age, with no effect at P28, but substantial inhibitory responses at all doses studied (0.125–0.5 mg/kg) at later ages. Although not differing in their initial locomotor response to nicotine, there was a significantly greater tolerance/sensitization during the second and subsequent drug exposures in late adolescents than in adults.Conclusions These findings provide evidence that adolescent brain is differentially sensitive to both the acute and repeated effects of nicotine relative to adult brain. Furthermore, there are significant differences in nicotine sensitivity between early and late phases of adolescence.     

烟草作业环境中工人过敏性呼吸系统损害的调查

目的 调查分析烟草粉尘对接尘工人过敏性呼吸系统损害及其可能致病因素。方法 对某卷烟厂进行劳动卫生学调查和真菌污染状况调查，同时对130名接尘工人和112名对照工人进行呼吸系统症状询问调查、胸部X线检查、肺通气功能测定及黑根霉特异性IgE抗体水平的测定、黑根霉抗原皮肤点刺试验和鼻粘膜抗原激发试验。结果 卷烟厂各车间粉尘浓度超过国家标准，各个车间检测出8个种属的霉菌，其含量明显高于对照现场，其中主要为黑根霉和姻曲霉。接尘工人咳嗽、咯痰、胸闷、气短、鼻塞、流鼻涕等症状阳性率明显高于对照工人，肺通气功能指标异常率明显高于对照工人，并且11．4％的男性工人和11．7％的女性工人检出有过敏性鼻炎，4名男性工人(5．7％)X线检查发现肺部有点状阴影。黑根霉特异性IgE抗体试验阳性率高达31．2％，皮肤点刺试验阳性率达11．5％，鼻粘膜抗原激发试验阳性率为4．6％。结论 烟草作业现场中存在的霉菌和粉尘与接尘工人呼吸系统损害有关，真菌污染是导致接尘工人过敏性呼吸系统损害的原因之一。     

Perceptions of plain cigarette packaging among smokers and non-smokers in Andalusia (Spain)

ObjectivesEach year tobacco is responsible for 650,000 deaths in Europe and 55,000 in Spain. With tobacco advertising and promotion banned in Spain and most of Europe, the last bastion of marketing is the packaging. Plain tobacco packaging —which involves packs having a standardised appearance— has been proposed to counter this. The objective of this study is to research perceptions arising from the plain packaging of tobacco products.MethodsWe employed a qualitative research methodology -focus groups- with smokers and non-smokers in in two medium-sized Andalusian towns (Spain).ResultsResults show the importance of plain cigarette packaging as a form of promotion, particularly among women and young people, how pack colour influences product perceptions, and how removing full branding increases the salience of the warnings.ConclusionsPlain packaging, combined with pictorial health warnings, may reduce the capacity of packaging to be distinctive and a badge product. Altering pack design in such a way would make it more difficult for tobacco companies to create a favourable image of their brands and may help to reinforce the ability of the population to protect themselves from the dangers of smoking.     

Consumo actual de cigarrillos electrónicos entre estudiantes de secundaria que nunca han fumado

ObjectiveTo test whether electronic cigarettes use among secondary school students in Spain is associated with initiating nicotine use.MethodSecondary analysis of the ESTUDES 2019 survey, a cross-sectional study conducted on a representative sample of students aged 14–18 years and selected students who had never smoked (n = 16,705). We computed the prevalence and estimated the factors associated with current electronic cigarettes use (at least once in the month before the interview), with and without nicotine.ResultsThe prevalence of current electronic cigarettes use among students who have never smoked is 2.5% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.2–2.9). 0.1% (95%CI: 0.08–0.2) declared using liquids with nicotine at least sometimes and 2.4% (95%CI: 2.1–2.8) using liquids always without nicotine. Being male and under 17 years of age, reporting binge drinking behavior, and having regular friends who use cannabis, increases the probability of current use of electronic cigarettes. The latter two variables seem to act as contextual variables associated with electronic cigarettes use.ConclusionsThe percentage of Spanish never smoker students who currently use electronic cigarettes is lower than in neighboring countries, except for the United Kingdom. Only one in every 1000 Spanish students between 14 and 18 years old who have never smoked initiates the current use of nicotine with an electronic cigarette. However, we must monitor the evolution of this indicator.     

Tobacco use among youth and adults in Mainland China: the China Seven Cities Study

OBJECTIVE: The China Seven Cities Study (CSCS) monitors geographic and temporal trends in tobacco use among adolescents and adults in seven cities throughout Mainland China: Harbin, Shenyang, Wuhan, Chengdu, Kunming, Hangzhou, and Qingdao. This article presents the methodology and prevalence data from the baseline survey of the CSCS, conducted in 2002. METHODS: Stratified random samples of middle schools, high schools, and colleges were selected within each city. Students and their parents completed self-report surveys of their tobacco use. Data were obtained from 6138 middle school students, 5848 academic high school students, 2448 vocational high school students, 2556 college students, and 25 697 parents. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence varied across age groups, school types, genders, and cities. Past-month smoking prevalence was 9% among middle school students, 8% among academic high school students, 26% among vocational high school students, 21% among college students, and 40% among parents. Smoking prevalence was higher among males than among females, with larger gender disparities among adults than among youth. Smoking also varied across cities, with higher smoking prevalence in southwestern cities and lower prevalence in coastal cities. Intraclass correlations of students within schools are presented to inform statistical power estimates for further research in China. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a baseline for future longitudinal studies of smoking in these cities and identify demographic groups at risk for tobacco-related disease. Effective smoking prevention programmes for youth and smoking cessation programmes for adults are needed in China, especially in the lower-income southwestern cities and in vocational high schools throughout the country.     

Characterization of nicotine's ability to serve as a negative feature in a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning task in rats

Rationale Pavlovian feature negative discriminations have been widely used to understand inhibitory conditioning processes using exteroceptive stimuli. Comparatively little is known about inhibitory conditioning processes using a drug state as a negative feature. A negative feature signals that presentation of a conditional stimulus (CS) will not be paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Objectives The present research examined whether nicotine served as a negative feature and started characterizing its properties. Methods and results In acquisition, rats received intermixed saline and nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base) sessions. On saline sessions, a 15-s light CS was paired with 4-s access to sucrose; the CS was presented on nicotine sessions, but sucrose was withheld. The discrimination was acquired with more goal tracking during the CS on saline sessions. Nicotine's inhibition of this conditioned response (CR) was sensitive to nicotine dose (ED₅₀=0.225) and injection to testing interval (CR returned at 200 min). Mecamylamine pretreatment, but not hexamethonium, produced a loss of inhibitory control by nicotine suggesting a role for central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Amphetamine, bupropion, arecoline, and chlordiazepoxide, but not caffeine, substituted for the nicotine feature. However, in locomotor tests, amphetamine and bupropion increased activity; arecoline and chlordiazepoxide decreased activity. For this reason, the motor effects of these ligands could not be dissociated from substitution via shared stimulus properties. Conclusions This feature negative task provides a preclinical model for studying how drug states inhibit responding, although identifying the process(es) mediating CR inhibition will require further research.     

烟草浸提液对大鼠成骨细胞在钛板上附着和增殖的影响

目的:观察烟草浸提液(smokeless tobacco extract,ST)对大鼠成骨细胞(rat osteoblasts,ROBs)在钛板上附着和增殖的影响。方法:采用酶解-组织块法进行ROBs的原代培养,观察细胞生长状态;用碱性磷酸酶(ALP)组织化学染色法、矿化结节茜素红染色法对成骨细胞进行鉴定。不同浓度的ST作用于附着在钛板上的ROBs,观测细胞的铺展面积,MTT法检测钛板表面细胞的附着、增殖情况。采用SPSS 13.0软件包对数据进行双因素方差分析。结果:ALP染色显示,ROBs细胞内有黑色颗粒,矿化结节茜素红染色为红色,证明该细胞为成骨细胞。随着ST浓度的升高,ROBs在钛板上的铺展面积逐渐变小;增殖呈下降趋势,ST实验组与阴性对照组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。各实验组内前3 d存在显著差异(P<0.05),但3.2～50g/L组第4～7天间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:ST可影响ROBs在钛板上附着和增殖,并随ST浓度的增加而增强,提示吸烟不利于口腔种植的骨整合。     

Associations between pain and current smoking status among cancer patients

There is growing empirical and clinical interest in purported associations between smoking and the aggravation of cancer symptoms and treatment side effects, such as pain. Both pain and smoking are highly prevalent among persons with cancer, and there is recent evidence to suggest that cancer patients who continue to smoke despite their diagnosis experience greater pain than nonsmokers. Accordingly, the main goal of this cross-sectional study was to examine associations between multiple levels of smoking status and several pain-related outcomes among a sample of 224 cancer patients about to begin chemotherapy. Patients completed self-report measures of pain severity, pain-related distress, and pain-related interference, as well as a demographics questionnaire. Results indicated that persons who continued to smoke despite being diagnosed with cancer reported more severe pain than never smokers, F (2, 215) = 3.47, p < .05. Current smokers also reported greater interference from pain than either former or never smokers, F (2, 215) = 5.61, p < .01. Among former smokers, an inverse relation between pain severity and the number of years since quitting smoking was observed, r (104) = −.26, p < .01. These data suggest that continued smoking despite a cancer diagnosis is associated with greater pain severity and interference from pain; however, future research is warranted to determine the directionality of this relationship.