How effective has the Spanish lockdown been to battle COVID-19? A spatial analysis of the coronavirus propagation across provinces

This paper examines the propagation of COVID-19 across the Spanish provinces and assesses the effectiveness of the Spanish lockdown of the population implemented on March 14, 2020 in order to battle this pandemic. To achieve these objectives, a standard spatial econometric model used in economics is adapted to resemble the popular reproduction models employed in the epidemiological literature. In addition, we introduce a counterfactual exercise that allows us to examine the Gross domestic product (GDP) gains of bringing forward the date of the Spanish Lockdown. We find that the number of COVID-19 cases would have been reduced by 70.4% in the absence of spatial propagation between the Spanish provinces. We also determine that the lockdown prevented the propagation of the virus within and between provinces. As such, the Spanish lockdown reduced the number of potential COVID-19 cases by 82.8%. However, the number of coronavirus cases would have been reduced by an additional 11.6% if the lockdown had been brought forward to March 7, 2020. Finally, an earlier lockdown would have saved approximately 26,900,000,000 euros.     

The varied semiology of seizures in the context of small anterior temporal encephaloceles

Aims. Small encephaloceles of the anterior temporal pole have been increasingly recognised as an underlying epileptogenic substrate in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. The current report aims to expand on the current knowledge by emphasising that seizure semiology in such patients can vary significantly. Methods. Patients were selected from an epilepsy surgery database between 2012 and 2017. Results. Of the 143 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery, six patients had a temporal encephalocele. Four of these patients had stereo-EEG implantation. Of the four patients studied, each had a seizure semiology discordant with an ictal focus in the temporal lobe. Intracranial EEG assessment demonstrated, irrespective of this semiology, seizures originated from the anterior temporal pole. Seizures were observed to rapidly propagate to the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, temporo-occipital junction, and posterior language regions. Engagement of the mesial temporal structures could occur early or late, however, a good surgical outcome was achieved following a focused lesionectomy in either situation. Conclusion. The major finding was that seizures arising from anterior temporal encephaloceles can have an extra-temporal semiology. The varied clinical semiology and the rapid propagation to seemingly distant cortical regions could be explained by the connectivity of the anterior temporal lobe.     

Colitis following the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A real-world analysis of spontaneous reports submitted to the FDA adverse event reporting system

BackgroundAlthough colitis has been reported in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), associations between colitis and ICIs had not been thoroughly assessed in real-world studies. Here, we identified and characterized significant colitis-associated with ICIs.MethodsBased on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from January 2004 to December 2019, the disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) and the multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms were adopted to data mining of the suspected adverse events of colitis after ICIs administrating. Clinical characteristics of patients with ICIs-associated colitis and the time to onset of colitis following different ICI regimens were collected.ResultsA total of 3786 reports of colitis adverse events were identified with ICIs. Seven ICI monotherapies were associated with the reporting of colitis. Statistically significant ROR, PRR, information component (IC), and empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM) emerged for all ICI monotherapies and combination therapies. ICIs-associated colitis affected mostly male (53.51%), with a wide mean age range (60.65 to 72 years). Colitis adverse events were commonly reported in patients with melanoma and lung cancer. Adverse outcomes of colitis concerning ICI were mainly outcomes of hospitalization-initiated or prolonged and other serious. Among colitis cases, 17.43% cases of colitis concerning ICI lead to death. The adverse event of colitis occurred earliest in ipilimumab monotherapy with a median time to onset of 64.21 days (IQR: 27–69 days) among all monotherapies.ConclusionsICI may lead to severe and disabling ICIs-associated colitis during therapy. Analysis of FAERS data identified signals for adverse events of colitis with ICI regimens. Practitioners should consider the factors that may increase the likelihood of colitis. The findings support a continued surveillance and risk factor identification studies.     

肺腺癌竞争内源性RNA网络的综合分析:基于肿瘤基因组图谱数据库

目的:基于肿瘤基因组图谱数据库（TCGA）架构肺腺癌（LUAD）竞争内源性RNA（ceRNA）网络，鉴定潜在的生存关联性生物标志物，并确定特异性治疗的小分子药物。方法:依据纳入研究标准，利用Edger软件筛选LUAD组织与正常组织(mRNA、lncRNA和miRNA)差异表达的基因。通过miRcode、miRDB、TargetScan和miRanda数据库对差异表达的RNA之间的关系进行分析，构建ceRNA网络。采用Kaplan-Meier方法分析ceRNA网络中的RNA表达量与生存预后的关系，通过富集分析对网络中的mRNA基因功能和调控通路进行分析。通过Cmap数据库筛选治疗LUAD的特异性小分子药物。利用D-lnc软件确定与关键的lncRNA相关的特异性小分子药物。结果:mRNAs(ELAVL2和PBK)、miRNAs(miR-13和miR-210)和lncRNAs(AP002478.1、DSCAM-AS1、LINC00269、LINC00470和LINC00483)与总生存期(OS)关系密切。喜树碱和甲萘醌有可能逆转LUAD的状态。卡铂、多西紫杉醇、帕比司他被确定为与关键lncRNA密切相关的药物。结论:ceRNA网络在LUAD中发挥重要作用，多种差异表达RNA与LUAD预后相关，可能成为潜在的肿瘤诊断标志物和治疗靶点。     

基于文献可视化软件的中药治疗糖尿病足知识图谱分析

目的:探索和发现中药治疗糖尿病足领域的热点话题和研究前沿。方法：检索中国知网已发表的中药治疗糖尿病足文献(日期:自建库至2019年6月3日),运用文献可视化软件(CiteSpaceⅤ)绘制中药治疗糖尿病足的知识图谱,进行文献关键词共现分析及聚类分析。结果:该关键词共现聚类网络由909个节点,1 241条边组成,被分成24个聚类。研究热点是:1)中西医结合疗法治疗糖尿病足;2)中药足浴。研究前沿是:1)穴位注射;2)活血化瘀清热解毒疗法。结论:中药治疗糖尿病足的未来之路是注重中医疗法的基础上进行中西医结合,且需更多高质量的证据支持。     

Cognitive mapping style relates to posterior–anterior hippocampal volume ratio

As London taxi drivers acquire “the knowledge” and develop a detailed cognitive map of London, their posterior hippocampi (pHPC) gradually increase in volume, reflecting an increasing pHPC/aHPC volume ratio. In the mnemonic domain, greater pHPC/aHPC volume ratios in young adults have been found to relate to better recollection ability, indicating that the balance between pHPC and aHPC volumes might be reflective of cross‐domain individual differences. Here, we examined participants' self‐reported use of cognitive map‐based navigational strategies in relation to their pHPC/aHPC hippocampal volume ratio. We find that greater reported cognitive map use was related to significantly greater posterior, relative to anterior, hippocampal volume in two separate samples of young adults. Further, greater reported cognitive map usage correlated with better performance on a self‐initiated navigation task. Together, these data help to advance our understanding of differences between aHPC and pHPC and the greater role of pHPC in spatial mapping.     

Episodic memory: Neuronal codes for what,where, and when

Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall events in a spatiotemporal context. Formation of such memories is critically dependent on the hippocampal formation and its inputs from the entorhinal cortex. To be able to support the formation of episodic memories, entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation should contain a neuronal code that follows several requirements. First, the code should include information about position of the agent (“where”), sequence of events (“when”), and the content of the experience itself (“what”). Second, the code should arise instantly thereby being able to support memory formation of one‐shot experiences. For successful encoding and to avoid interference between memories during recall, variations in location, time, or in content of experience should result in unique ensemble activity. Finally, the code should capture several different resolutions of experience so that the necessary details relevant for future memory‐based predictions will be stored. We review how neuronal codes in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus follow these requirements and argue that during formation of episodic memories entorhinal cortex provides hippocampus with instant information about ongoing experience. Such information originates from (a) spatially modulated neurons in medial entorhinal cortex, including grid cells, which provide a stable and universal positional metric of the environment; (b) a continuously varying signal in lateral entorhinal cortex providing a code for the temporal progression of events; and (c) entorhinal neurons coding the content of experiences exemplified by object‐coding and odor‐selective neurons. During formation of episodic memories, information from these systems are thought to be encoded as unique sequential ensemble activity in hippocampus, thereby encoding associations between the content of an event and its spatial and temporal contexts. Upon exposure to parts of the encoded stimuli, activity in these ensembles can be reinstated, leading to reactivation of the encoded activity pattern and memory recollection.     

2010年-2018年甲状腺结节相关SCI论文知识图谱及数据可视化分析

目的:分析2010年至2018年甲状腺结节相关SCI论文，并建模进行定性与定量分析。方法:利用文献计量学中的引文分析、共被引分析、数据可视化、聚类分析等方法，使用CiteSpace分析工具，分析来源于Web of ScienceTM核心合集数据库中有关论文的出版情况、国家、机构、作者、知识基础与研究热点。结果:到2018年10月31日截止，研究了4 618篇论文。发表论文数:美国在国家/地区中排名第一，延世大学在研究机构中排名第一，Kwak JY在所有作者中排名第一。从2010年开始，每年发表的论文数量都在稳步增长，有相当多的论文发表在如《新英格兰杂志》、《THYROID》、《JAMA》、《CELL》等高影响因子的期刊上。甲状腺结节的SCI论文参考文献聚类为6类，分别是papillary-like nuclear feature、current statu、radiofrequency ablation、ultrasound elastography、goiter area、data system。代表研究前沿的关键词是meta-analysis、recommendation、thyroid carcinoma、shear wave elastography与bethesda system。结论:本文通过对国际上甲状腺结节的研究基础、研究热点的分析，阐述了甲状腺结节的研究趋势，为我国医学工作者的研究提供参考。     

思维导图引导康复护理对成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者心理状况、肺功能、气道炎症及预后的影响

目的研究思维导图引导的康复护理对成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者心理状况、肺功能、气道炎症及预后的影响,为临床护理成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者提供指导。方法选取2016年2月～2019年7月96例在我院诊治的支气管哮喘合并抑郁的成年患者,依据单纯随机抽样的方法分为干预组(n=48)和常规组(n=48),对所选支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者均实施常规护理,干预组患者的常规护理需运用思维导图来引导。通过观察比较两组患者护理前后的抑郁状态、肺功能改善情况、气道炎症水平和生活质量相关指标水平来评价思维导图引导康复护理对成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者的影响。结果护理后干预组患者的HRSD、SDS评分明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预组患者的FEV1%、PEF%明显高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预组患者测定的FeNO水平明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预组患者ACT、GQOLI-74评分明显高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论运用思维导图引导康复护理,可有效减轻支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者的抑郁情绪,改善患者肺功能情况,控制气道炎症进展,从而能够防止哮喘发作,提高患者的生活质量,改善预后,护理效果显著,可在临床上广泛应用。