瘀热型慢性前列腺炎与心理性因素及性功能的相关性

目的分析瘀热型慢性前列腺炎(CP)临床症状与心理性因素及性功能的相关性。方法收集2020年6月至2021年6月在南京市江宁中医院泌尿外科门诊诊治的91例瘀热型CP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,使用美国国立卫生研究院慢性前列腺炎症状指数评分表(NIH-CPSI)、中医证候量表、7项广泛性焦虑障碍量表(GAD-7)、抑郁症筛查量表(PHQ-9)、疼痛灾难化量表(PCS)、国际勃起功能评分表(IIEF-5)和早泄诊断量表(PEDT)对患者进行评估,对量表评定结果进行Pearson相关性分析和多元线性回归分析。结果(1)症状量表:NIH-CPSI总分与中医量表总分、GAD-7总分呈正相关,中医证候量表总分与CPSI、GAD-7、PHQ-9、PCS、PEDT总分呈正相关(P<0.05);CPSI总分随中医量表总分递增而升高,中医证候量表总分随CPSI疼痛症状、PHQ-9总分递增而升高(P<0.05)。(2)情绪量表:GAD-7总分与CPSI、中医证候量表总分、排尿症状、PHQ总分、PEDT总分呈正相关,PHQ-9总分与中医证候量表总分、疼痛及排尿症状、PCS总分、PEDT总分呈正相关,PCS总分与中医证候量表总分及疼痛症状分值呈正相关(P<0.05);GAD-7总分随PHQ-9总分递增而升高;PHQ-9总分随中医证候量表排尿症状、GAD-7、PCS分值递增而升高;PCS总分随中医证候量表疼痛症状、PHQ-9分值递增而升高(P<0.05)。(3)性功能量表:IIEF-5总分与中医证候量表疼痛分值呈负相关,PEDT总分与中医证候量表总分及疼痛症状、GAD-7、PHQ-9分值呈正相关(P<0.05);IIEF-5总分随中医证候量表疼痛症状分值递减而升高(P<0.05)。结论瘀热型CP患者表现为以疼痛为主,伴随排尿异常、情绪异常、认知障碍和性功能障碍的系列症状,同时使用中医证候量表及CPSI评估能较好的反映其病情的严重程度。     

Hip Displacement in Cerebral Palsy: The Role of Surveillance

IntroductionHip displacement is common in cerebral palsy (CP) and is related to the severity of neurological and functional impairment. It is a silent, but progressive disease, and can result in significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, if left untreated. The pathophysiology of hip displacement in CP is a combination of hip flexor-adductor muscle spasticity, abductor muscle weakness, and delayed weight-bearing, resulting in proximal femoral deformities and progressive acetabular dysplasia. Due to a lack of symptoms in the early stages of hip displacement, the diagnosis is easily missed. Awareness of this condition and regular surveillance by clinical examination and serial radiographs of the hips are the key to early diagnosis and treatment.Hip surveillance programmesSeveral population-based studies from around the world have demonstrated that universal hip surveillance in children with CP allows early detection of hip displacement and appropriate early intervention, with a resultant decrease in painful dislocations. Global hip surveillance models are based upon the patients’ age, functional level determined by the Gross Motor Function Classification system (GMFCS), gait classification, standardized clinical exam, and radiographic indices such as the migration percentage (MP), as critical indicators of progressive hip displacement.ConclusionDespite 25 years of evidence showing the efficacy of established hip surveillance programmes, there is poor awareness among healthcare professionals in India about the importance of regular hip surveillance in children with CP. There is a need for professional organizations to develop evidence-based guidelines for hip surveillance which are relevant to the Indian context.     

不同年龄段勃起功能障碍患者的心理状况与人格特征分析

目的探讨不同年龄段勃起功能障碍(ED)患者心理状况的差异。方法回顾性分析郑州大学第三附属医院2018年7月至2019年7月收治的401例ED患者的临床资料。年龄20~60岁。将所有患者按年龄段分为4组:A组158例,年龄20~29岁;B组182例,年龄30~39岁;C组38例,年龄40~49岁;D组23例,年龄50~60岁。基于国际勃起功能评分表(IIEF-5)评估患者的勃起功能情况。采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)评估患者的敌对、焦虑、精神病性、恐怖、偏执、强迫、躯体化、人际关系、抑郁等9项心理状况。采用状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)区分患者是否存在状态性或特质性的焦虑情绪。采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)分析患者的人格类型。分析患者组与文献报道的全国常模组SCL-90、STAI和EPQ量表的差异。分析不同年龄组患者各项指标的差异。结果患者组SCL-90量表的敌对(1.64±0.67,t=4.81,P<0.001)、焦虑(1.58±0.66,t=6.83,P<0.001)、精神病性(1.62±0.68,t=11.87,P<0.001)、偏执(1.55±0.66,t=3.58,P<0.001)、强迫(1.95±0.70,t=9.56,P<0.001)、躯体化(1.43±0.58,t=2.10,P=0.036)、人际关系/敏感(1.74±0.74,t=2.79,P=0.005)、抑郁(1.66±0.74,t=4.50,P<0.001)等因子分,以及总分(1.53±0.63,t=3.07,P=0.002)均显著高于全国常模组。A、B、C、D组的人际关系/敏感得分差异有统计学意义(1.72±0.78、1.65±0.69、1.58±0.92、1.43±0.59,F=2.84,P=0.038)。患者组STAI量表的状态焦虑(t=7.35,P<0.001)、特质焦虑(t=6.31,P<0.001)等因子分和总分(t=8.41,P<0.001)均显著高于全国常模组,不同年龄组的状态焦虑(F=5.29,P=0.001)、特质焦虑(F=5.54,P<0.001)因子分和总分(F=5.66,P<0.001)差异有统计学意义。患者组的精神质(t=30.56,P<0.001)、情绪(t=45.94,P<0.001)、外倾-内倾(t=11.72,P<0.001)、掩饰性(t=29.16,P<0.001)等因子分和总分(t=30.56,P<0.001)均显著高于全国常模组。401例的人格类型分别为抑郁质183例(45.64%),胆汁质94例(23.44%),黏液质66例(16.46%),多血质58例(14.46%)。不同年龄组的抑郁质、胆汁质、黏液质、多血质人格类型分布分别为A组76、35、26、21例,B组87、40、32、23例,C组14、10、6、8例,D组6、9、2、6例,组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ^2=10.65,P=0.30)。结论ED患者存在一系列异常的情绪、躯体化的不适感,敏感的人际关系以及内向、情绪不稳定的人格特征;年龄越小的患者其焦虑情绪越严重,人际关系越敏感,可能与其内向的个性特征及情绪的不稳定性相关。     

EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer—2020 Update. Part 1: Screening,Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent

ObjectiveTo present a summary of the 2020 version of the European Association of Urology (EAU)-European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)-European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO)-European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR)-International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and local treatment of clinically localised prostate cancer (PCa).Evidence acquisitionThe panel performed a literature review of new data, covering the time frame between 2016 and 2020. The guidelines were updated and a strength rating for each recommendation was added based on a systematic review of the evidence.Evidence synthesisA risk-adapted strategy for identifying men who may develop PCa is advised, generally commencing at 50 yr of age and based on individualised life expectancy. Risk-adapted screening should be offered to men at increased risk from the age of 45 yr and to breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutation carriers, who have been confirmed to be at risk of early and aggressive disease (mainly BRAC2), from around 40 yr of age. The use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in order to avoid unnecessary biopsies is recommended. When a biopsy is performed, a combination of targeted and systematic biopsies must be offered. There is currently no place for the routine use of tissue-based biomarkers. Whilst prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography computed tomography is the most sensitive staging procedure, the lack of outcome benefit remains a major limitation. Active surveillance (AS) should always be discussed with low-risk patients, as well as with selected intermediate-risk patients with favourable International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2 lesions. Local therapies are addressed, as well as the AS journey and the management of persistent prostate-specific antigen after surgery. A strong recommendation to consider moderate hypofractionation in intermediate-risk patients is provided. Patients with cN1 PCa should be offered a local treatment combined with long-term hormonal treatment.ConclusionsThe evidence in the field of diagnosis, staging, and treatment of localised PCa is evolving rapidly. The 2020 EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on PCa summarise the most recent findings and advice for their use in clinical practice. These PCa guidelines reflect the multidisciplinary nature of PCa management.Patient summaryUpdated prostate cancer guidelines are presented, addressing screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. These guidelines rely on the available scientific evidence, and new insights will need to be considered and included on a regular basis. In some cases, the supporting evidence for new treatment options is not yet strong enough to provide a recommendation, which is why continuous updating is important. Patients must be fully informed of all relevant options and, together with their treating physicians, decide on the most optimal management for them.     

Feasibility of a truncated surveillance schedule for patients following curative intent treatment for carcinoma of the oral cavity

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a regular follow-up schedule with examination by clinicians results in a better detection rate of disease recurrence and eventual better clinical outcomes when compared to patients who present with symptoms to the clinic and are subsequently detected to have a recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Retrospective data from 642 patients who underwent treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma at a tertiary level cancer centre were analysed. Of the 642 patients, 197 had recurrences of which 108 were detected on regular follow-up and 87 were detected in patients presenting out of schedule with symptoms; two patients were detected to have recurrence at another centre, but their mode of detection could not be ascertained. There was no difference in the loco-regional recurrence-free survival or disease-free survival between the two groups. A strict follow-up schedule in the first year followed by a more flexible symptom-based schedule in the subsequent years, with supplementation of imaging if clinically indicated, should be an adequate surveillance plan for oral cancer patients.     

Managing the Breast Cancer Survivor in Primary Care

Early detection and improved treatments for breast cancer are increasing survival rates, thereby growing the number of survivors to almost 4 million in the United States. Continuing care after treatment is frequently provided in primary care. Evidence-based care includes a history review, physical examination, and imaging for recurrence and new cancers, along with health maintenance and health promotion. Additionally, survivors often experience long-term side effects from their disease and/or treatment, affecting health and quality of life. This article provides a synopsis of breast cancer treatment-related side effects and current evidence-based guidelines to assist the primary care provider caring for survivors.     

Improving cancer-specific outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients: Where to begin?

In an article published in this issue of Cancer, D’Arcy et al link the incidence of cancer among recipients of solid organ transplantation (SOT) in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients with data from regional and statewide cancer registries to examine cancer-specific mortality for common malignancies in SOT recipients. This analysis helps to illuminate the role of immune surveillance across a broad range of malignancies and compares the incidence of cancers due to virally mediated oncogenesis (lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the aerodigestive epithelium, and hepatitis-induced liver cancer) with the incidence of other malignancies. The authors’ central finding is that cancer-specific mortality is significantly increased in SOT recipients in comparison with nontransplant recipients for multiple cancers, and the increased cancer incidence is not limited to the effects of viral oncogenesis. The authors document a significant increase in common epithelial malignancies that are currently treated with immune checkpoint antibodies, including melanoma, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, kidney cancer, and lung cancer, and this supports the hypothesis that post-SOT immunosuppression affects immune surveillance in these cancers. Provocatively, the authors also document increases in the incidence and mortality of cancers not typically responsive to immune checkpoint therapies, including breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. The findings of D’Arcy et al suggest that immune surveillance controls oncogenesis and tumor progression in a broad range of malignancies and that breast cancer and pancreatic cancer could be sensitive to drugs targeting immune surveillance pathways other than those treated with currently Food and Drug Administration–approved antibodies to CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1.     

出生缺陷监测进展

利用科学、合理的监测手段对出生缺陷进行长期、持续的动态观察,有助于及时获悉缺陷发病率和疾病顺位的变化趋势,分析原因,为制定出生缺陷防控策略措施提供科学依据。本文综述了国内外出生缺陷的监测模式、监测病种和监测期限的工作进展。