Why do studies show different associations between intrauterine exposure to maternal smoking and age at menarche?

Purpose

Studies suggests that intrauterine exposure to maternal smoking both accelerates or delays age at menarche. We hypothesize that these opposing findings relate to different infant and childhood growth patterns across cohorts.

Zinc chloride smoke inhalation: a rare cause of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome

Zinc chloride smoke inhalation is a rare cause of slowly progressive and often fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The conventional treatment includes intravenous N-acetylcysteine, L-3, 4-dehydroproline, methylene blue, and respiratory support according to the lung protective strategy. This report presents the cases of three patients with serious zinc chloride inhalation and ARDS, the last of whom survived after prolonged intensive care, videothoracoscopic excision of emphysema bullae, and recurrent chemical pleurodesis. Received: 3 March 1999 Final revision received: 6 July 1999 Accepted: 27 October 1999     

Pulmonary barotrauma including orbital emphysema following inhalation of toxic gas

Severe pulmonary barotrauma occurred following smoke and toxic gas inhalation in a 20-year-old male. He developed pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and extensive facial subcutaneous emphysema which intensified during treatment with positive pressure ventilation. Following the appearance of diplopia and exotropia, orbital emphysema was demonstrated radiologically. The diplopia and exotropia were manifestations of mechanical interference in extra-ocular muscle function by the intra-orbital air, an unusual expression of pulmonary barotrauma.     

维A酸对大鼠实验性阻塞性肺气肿的预防作用及其机制探讨

目的　观察维A酸 (RA)对慢性阻塞性肺气肿大鼠的预防效果并对其机制进行探讨。方法　Wistar大鼠 36只随机分为三组 ,正常对照组、模型组和用药组 ,每组 12只 ,模型组和用药组大鼠进行熏香烟实验 ,用药组同时用RA进行预防。吸烟实验结束后 ,观察各组大鼠的病理及肺功能情况 ,酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )和MMP 9的活性变化 ,免疫组化法观察MMP 2和MMP 9以及增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)的表达情况。结果　模型组肺功能指标 0 3秒用力呼气容积 (FEV0 3 )、FEV0 3 /FVC(用力肺活量 )和功能残气量 (FRC)分别为 [(5 1± 0 4 )ml、(71± 10 )ml/s、(7 2± 2 2 )ml],与正常对照组 [(6 0± 0 3)ml、(87± 3)ml/s、(2 9± 1 1)ml]比较 ,差异有显著性(P <0 0 1) ;模型组MMP 2和MMP 9的活性分别为 [(1 0 6± 0 2 3)ng/ml、(0 96 0± 0 2 30 )ng/ml],其表达与正常对照组 [(0 5 3± 0 17)ng/ml、(0 30 0± 0 0 90 )ng/ml]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。用药组肺功能指标分别为 [(5 2± 0 4 )ml、(81± 5 )ml/s、(6 1± 2 7)ml/s],与模型组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;用药组MMP 2和MMP 9的活性 [(0 83± 0 2 3)ng/ml、(0 5 70± 0 0 10 )ng/ml]和表达与模型组比     

褪黑素对烟雾吸入所致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的通过建立褪黑素干预大鼠烟雾吸入性损伤模型,探讨褪黑素对急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法成年清洁级雄性SD大鼠72只随机分为空白组、损伤组和褪黑素组。空白组不做任何处理,损伤组于吸入性损伤处理后腹腔注射1%乙醇生理盐水（10ml/kg）,褪黑素组于吸入性损伤处理后腹腔注射褪黑素（10mg/kg,1次/8h）。三组大鼠分别在3h、12h、24h三个时相腹主动脉取血2ml后处死,动脉血离心后检测肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）含量和白细胞介素10（IL-10）。肺组织匀浆测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的含量。取右下肺组织作病理切片,光镜下观察肺组织病理情况。结果光镜下见空白组大鼠肺泡腔结构完整,壁光滑;损伤组肺泡壁增厚,肺间质炎症细胞浸润;褪黑素组肺组织较损伤组病理表现有所减轻。褪黑素组各时相点血清TNF-α和IL-6含量高于空白组（P〈0.05）,低于损伤组（P〈0.05）。损伤组各时相点IL-10含量与空白组相比无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,而褪黑素组IL-10含量与空白组、损伤组相比均升高（P〈0.05）。褪黑素组各时相点肺组织SOD含量均高于损伤组（P〈0.05）,低于空白组（P〈0.05）。褪黑素组各时相肺组织MDA和MPO含量均高于空白组（P〈0.05）,低于损伤组（P〈0.05）。结论褪黑素可以减轻炎症及氧化应激,对烟雾吸入性损伤所致急性肺损伤发挥一定的保护作用。     

吸烟对固有免疫影响的研究进展

固有免疫作为机体的第一道防线,在免疫系统中发挥着极其重要的作用,近年来,异常的固有免疫反应在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的发病以及进展中的作用受到越来越多的关注.吸烟是COPD的主要危险因素,香烟烟雾会导致气道持续不断地炎症反应,是COPD病情不断进展和病理变化不可逆的主要原因.进一步研究吸烟对固有免疫的影响可以更加深刻了解COPD的发病机制,为COPD的预防和治疗提供理论基础.     

成都市男性医生、教师及公务员吸烟行为与影响因素的研究

目的了解成都市男性医生、教师和公务员3类人群的吸烟状况及其影响因素。方法采用问卷调查方法,对抽取的医生、教师和公务员1358人进行调查,描述其中319名男性医生、127名男性教师和166名男性公务员的吸烟现状;应用logistic回归模型探讨3类重点人群中男性吸烟的影响因素。结果本次调查3类人群总体吸烟率为19.4%,其中男性吸烟率42.3%。对男性吸烟行为有意义的影响因素分别为年龄、工龄、学历、相关知识得分和相关态度得分。结论坚持在3类人群中强化开展烟草控制工作,可利用家庭和社会支持网络,降低3类人群的吸烟率。     

The use of a novel tobacco-substitute sheet and smoke dilution to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke

The Institute of Medicine encouraged the pursuit and development of potential reduced-exposure products, tobacco products that substantially reduce exposure to one or more tobacco toxicants and can reasonably be expected to reduce the risk of one or more specific diseases or other adverse health effects. One approach to reducing smoke toxicant yields is to dilute the smoke with glycerol. We report chemical, biological and human exposure data related to experimental cigarettes containing up to 60% of a novel glycerol containing “tobacco-substitute” sheet. Analysis of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes showed reductions in yields of most measured constituents, other than some volatile species. In vitro toxicological tests showed reductions in the activity of smoke particulates in proportion to their glycerol content. Human exposure to nicotine was reduced by a mean of 18% as determined by filter studies and by 14% using 24 h urinary biomarker analysis. Smoke particulate exposures were reduced by a mean of 29% in filter studies and NNK exposure by similar amounts based on urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol concentrations. These results show that reducing exposure to some smoke toxicants is possible using a tobacco-substitute sheet, although some smoke toxicants, and the sensory attributes of the smoke, remain as technical challenges.