17岁男童反复腹痛、腹腔积液伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多

17岁男童，因腹痛、腹泻伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多3年，加重3 d入院。3年前患儿因进食“老酸奶”后出现腹痛、腹泻，彩超示大量腹腔积液，血常规、骨髓细胞形态学检查、腹水组织学检查可见大量嗜酸性粒细胞；3 d前因腹痛、腹泻再次入院，胃肠镜检查胃角见嗜酸性粒细胞浸润，确诊为嗜酸细胞性胃肠疾病（嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎），给予糖皮质激素及饮食规避治疗后好转，随访1年未反复。对于因腹痛、腹泻等消化道症状就诊的患儿，如伴外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多，需考虑嗜酸细胞性胃肠疾病的可能，内镜活检胃肠道组织中见嗜酸性粒细胞浸润且计数异常为诊断的关键。 ［引用格式:中国当代儿科杂志，2021，23（11）：1169-1173］     

Predicting the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination in 112 countries from 2006 to 2034: A transmission modeling analysis

Rotavirus vaccination has been shown to reduce rotavirus burden in many countries, but the long-term magnitude of vaccine impacts is unclear, particularly in low-income countries. We use a transmission model to estimate the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) from 2006 to 2034 for 112 low- and middle-income countries. We also explore the predicted effectiveness of a one- vs two- dose series and the relative contribution of direct vs indirect effects to overall impacts. To validate the model, we compare predicted percent reductions in severe rotavirus cases with the percent reduction in rotavirus positivity among gastroenteritis hospital admissions for 10 countries with pre- and post-vaccine introduction data. We estimate that vaccination would reduce deaths from rotavirus by 49.1 % (95 % UI: 46.6–54.3 %) by 2034 under realistic coverage scenarios, compared to a scenario without vaccination. Most of this benefit is due to direct benefit to vaccinated individuals (explaining 69–97 % of the overall impact), but indirect protection also appears to enhance impacts. We find that a one-dose schedule would only be about 57 % as effective as a two-dose schedule 12 years after vaccine introduction. Our model closely reproduced observed reductions in rotavirus positivity in the first few years after vaccine introduction in select countries. Rotavirus vaccination is likely to have a substantial impact on rotavirus gastroenteritis and its mortality burden. To sustain this benefit, the complete series of doses is needed.     

The fecal microbiome and rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity in rural Zimbabwean infants

BackgroundOral rotavirus vaccine (RVV) immunogenicity is considerably lower in low- versus high-income populations; however, the mechanisms underlying this remain unclear. Previous evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may contribute to differences in oral vaccine efficacy.MethodsWe performed whole metagenome shotgun sequencing on stool samples and measured anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin A in plasma samples from a subset of infants enrolled in a cluster randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial of improved water, sanitation and hygiene and infant feeding in rural Zimbabwe (SHINE trial: NCT01824940). We examined taxonomic microbiome composition and functional metagenome features using random forest models, differential abundance testing and regression analyses to explored associations with RVV immunogenicity.ResultsAmong 158 infants with stool samples and anti-rotavirus IgA titres, 34 were RVV seroconverters. The median age at stool collection was 43 days (IQR: 35–68), corresponding to a median of 4 days before the first RVV dose. The infant microbiome was dominated by Bifidobacterium longum. The gut microbiome differed significantly between early (≤42 days) and later samples (>42 days) however, we observed no meaningful differences in alpha diversity, beta diversity, species composition or functional metagenomic features by RVV seroconversion status. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was the only species associated with anti-rotavirus IgA titre. Random forest models poorly classified seroconversion status by both composition and functional microbiome variables.ConclusionsRVV immunogenicity is low in this rural Zimbabwean setting, however it was not associated with the composition or function of the early-life gut microbiome in this study. Further research is warranted to examine the mechanisms of poor oral RVV efficacy in low-income countries.     

人用轮状病毒疫苗研究进展

轮状病毒（rotavirus，RV）是全球范围内导致婴幼儿腹泻的主要病原体之一。研究表明干净的水源和良好的卫生环境不能阻断RV传播，且目前尚无特异性治疗RV性腹泻的药物，使用RV疫苗是唯一有效的防控手段。此文对RV疫苗的使用现状、研发进展及面临的挑战做一综述。     

阿莫西林与替硝唑治疗急性肠胃炎的效果观察

目的观察阿莫西林与替硝唑治疗急性肠胃炎的效果。方法以本院2018年4月—2019年4月收治的60例急性肠胃炎患者作为研究对象,借助双盲随机抽样法分为对照、试验组,每组列入30例,对照组给予阿莫西林治疗,试验组予以阿莫西林与替硝唑联合治疗,评定两组患者的临床效果、肠胃炎症状积分。结果治疗前,两组患者的肠胃炎症状积分无显著差异,P>0.05(t=0.0752,P=0.9403);治疗后,试验组相较于对照组患者的肠胃炎症状积分较低,P<0.05(t=14.5841,P=0.0000);试验组(96.67%)较对照组(76.67%)临床效果较高,P<0.05(χ²=5.1923,P=0.0226)。结论急性肠胃炎患者予以阿莫西林与替硝唑联合治疗具有积极意义,值得临床研究。     

Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against rotaviral diarrhea and tuberculosis using polysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis conjugated to ΔVP8* protein from rotavirus

Conjugation of carbohydrate antigens with a carrier protein is a clinically proven strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharide. In addition to its primary role, which is to help generate a T cell-mediate long-lasting immune response directed against the carbohydrate antigen, the carrier protein in a glycoconjugate vaccine can also play an important role as a protective antigen. Among carrier proteins currently used in licensed conjugate vaccines, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D has been used as an antigenically active carrier protein. Our previous studies also indicate that some carrier proteins provide B cell epitopes, along with T cell helper epitopes.Herein we investigated the dual role of truncated rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8* as a carrier and a protective antigen. Capsular polysaccharide lipoarabinomannan (LAM), purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), was chemically conjugated with ΔVP8*. Mouse immunization experiments showed that the resultant conjugates elicited strong and specific immune responses against the polysaccharide antigen, and the responses were comparable to those induced by Diphtheria toxoid (DT)-based conjugates. The conjugate vaccine induced enhanced antibody titers and functional antibodies against ΔVP8* when compared to immunization with the unconjugated ΔVP8*. Thus, these results indicate that ΔVP8* can be a relevant carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccine and the glycoconjugates consisting of ΔVP8* with LAM are effective bivalent vaccine candidates against rotavirus and tuberculosis.     

Uptake and timeliness of rotavirus vaccination in Norway: The first year post-introduction

BackgroundTo minimise vaccine-associated risk of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination, Norway adopted very strict age limits for initiating and completing the vaccine series at the time rotavirus vaccination was included in the national immunisation programme, October 2014. Although Norway has a high coverage for routine childhood vaccines, these stringent age limits could negatively affect rotavirus coverage. We documented the status and impact of rotavirus vaccination on other infant vaccines during the first year after its introduction.MethodsWe used individual vaccination data from the national immunisation register to calculate coverage for rotavirus and other vaccines and examine adherence with the recommended schedules. We identified factors associated with completing the full rotavirus series by performing multiple logistic regression analyses. We also evaluated potential changes in uptake and timeliness of other routine vaccines after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine using the Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsThe national coverage for rotavirus vaccine achieved a year after the introduction was 89% for one dose and 82% for two doses, respectively. Among fully rotavirus-vaccinated children, 98% received both doses within the upper age limit and 90% received both doses according to the recommended schedule. The child’s age at the initiation of rotavirus series and being vaccinated with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP/IPV/Hib) and pneumococcal vaccines were the strongest predictors of completing the full rotavirus series. No major changes in uptake and timeliness of other paediatric vaccines were observed after introduction of rotavirus vaccine.ConclusionsNorway achieved a high national coverage and excellent adherence with the strict age limits for rotavirus vaccine administration during the first year of introduction, indicating robustness of the national immunisation programme. Rotavirus vaccination did not impact coverage or timeliness of other infant vaccines.     

Diarrhea hospitalization costs among children <5 years old in Madagascar

BackgroundFollowing a recommendation by the World Health Organization, Madagascar introduced rotavirus vaccine in 2014. Though national rotavirus vaccine coverage has remained <80%, rotavirus hospitalizations declined by 78%. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has provided financial support for rotavirus vaccine, however the Malagasy government has increasing responsibility for the financial cost.MethodsIn this evaluation, we describe the direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect cost of illness due to diarrhea among children <5 years old at a public pediatric referral hospital. A 3-part structured questionnaire was administered during and following the hospitalization and the child’s hospital record was reviewed.ResultsIn total, 96 children were included in this analysis. The median total cost of the illness was $156.00 (IQR: 104.00, 210.86) and the median direct medical cost was $107.22. Service delivery costs represented a median of 44% of the inpatient costs; medications and diagnostic tests represented a median of 28% and 20% of the total costs of the hospitalization, respectively. The median percentage of the total illness costs paid by the household was 67%. Among households with income of <$61/month, the median costs of the illness paid by the household were $78.55, representing a median of 168% of the household’s monthly expenses. Among households earning >$303/month, the median costs paid by the household were $147.30, representing a median of 53% of the household’s monthly expenses. Among all household income levels, caregivers commonly paid these bills from savings, borrowed money, and donations.ConclusionsOur findings will be useful in assessing the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine by decisionmakers. These results may also help hospital administrators and healthcare providers better understand the financial constraints of families.     

Rotavirus vaccination and stunting: Secondary Data Analysis from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey

Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in children and is preventable with a vaccine. Malnutrition increases the risk for the development of enteric and respiratory diseases, but also diarrhea increases the risk for stunting, having a negative effect in height-for-age Z score (HAZ). Therefore, Rotavirus can be considered as one of the contributing factors to stunting. The objective was to determine if vaccination against rotavirus was associated with changes in HAZ of children aged 6–60 months. We analyzed the data of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2015–2017 for Peru, which is a nationwide representative. We fitted linear regression models controlling for complex sampling. The vaccine coverage was close to 75.5%, and the mean HAZ was −0.76 standard deviations. After adjusting by demographic, health, and household characteristics, children who received rotavirus vaccine, had a mean HAZ 0.06 standard deviations higher than children who did not receive it. Additionally, BCG vaccination, a higher education level of the mother, a higher wealth index, and treating water for drinking were positively associated with HAZ. On the other hand, we found low birth weight, lack of flush toilet, and altitude higher than 2500 m above sea level negatively associated with HAZ. Rotavirus vaccine is associated with better anthropometric measurements.