Low interleukin-2 receptor levels in serum of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes

Interleukin-2 receptors are released in the circulation in response to antigenic or mytogenic stimulation of T-lymphocytes. Abnormal serum interleukin-2 receptor levels have been found in young children with type 1 diabetes and prediabetes. We measured interleukin-2 receptor levels in 17 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 21 patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes, 19 patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes, 19 islet-cell antibody positive nondiabetic polyendocrine patients, 12 islet-cell antibody-positive first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes and compared the results to age- and sex-matched normal controls. We found significantly lower interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with newly diagnosed and long-standing type 1 diabetes compared to normal controls (87 ± 11 and 93 ± 11 vs. 142 ± 25 and 132 ± 40 U/ml, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in interleukin-2 receptor levels between prediabetic groups and normal controls or patients with long-standing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. There was no correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin, blood glucose levels, and interleukin-2 receptor in the groups with long-standing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. We conclude that patients with type 1 diabetes have low interleukin-2 receptor serum levels. This phenomenon is acquired close to disease onset and is unlikely to be an early markers of type 1 diabetes.Abbreviations JDf Juvenile Diabetes foundation - ICA⁺ islet-cell antibody positive - IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - IL-2R® interleukin-2 receptors - NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Correspondence to: R. Wagner     

二甲双胍对糖尿病前期患者血清C反应蛋白及胰岛素敏感指数的影响

目的:观察糖尿病前期患者应用二甲双胍降糖治疗或强化生活方式干预前后血清、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及胰岛素敏感指数水平变化情况。方法:筛选糖尿病前期患者176例,随机分成二甲双胍治疗组、强化生活方式干预组和对照组,二甲双胍治疗组52例,在一般生活方式干预基础上给予二甲双胍片口服;强化生活方式干预组60例,根据个人饮食习惯为基础,制定热能。给予低脂饮食,控制饮食,配合适当的体育锻炼。对照组64例,仅给予一般生活方式干预。测定干预治疗前后的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、体重指数、血脂、hs-CRP、胰岛素敏感指数变化。结果:经干预治疗2年后,对照组糖耐量转为正常21例(32.81%),转为糖尿病12例(18.75%);二甲双胍组糖耐量转为正常41例(78.85%),转为糖尿病3例(5.77%),强化生活方式干预组转为正常32例(53.33%),转为糖尿病4例(6.67%)。与对照组相比,二甲双胍组及强化生活方式干预组的糖尿病发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预治疗2年后,二甲双胍治疗组及强化生活方式干预组各项指标均有明显变化,且二甲双胍治疗组效果优于强化生活方式干预组(P<0.01)。结论:糖尿病前期时,血清hs-CRP水平已经开始升高,且胰岛素敏感性下降,二甲双胍降糖治疗或强化生活方式干预均能明显减低血糖,并降低血清C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,改善胰岛素敏感性,二甲双胍作用更明显。     

中医体质类型与糖尿病前期相关性研究的系统评价及Meta分析

目的：探讨糖尿病前期中医体质分布规律,确定该病常见的高危体质类型,为今后的临床和科学研究提供循证证据。方法：检索国家知识基础设施数据库（CNKI）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中国学术期刊数据库（CSPD）及中文科技期刊数据库（CCD）、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science数据库,纳入所有评价糖尿病前期与中医体质的相关性的临床研究文献。采用Strata 14.0软件进行横断面研究的单个率的Meta分析,Review Manager 5.3软件进行病例对照研究的Meta分析,用比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CI)描述效应值。2位独立的评价者对纳入研究的方法学质量进行评估。结果：共纳入41项研究,样本量总计9 611例。痰湿质、平和质、阴虚质、气虚质分别占糖尿病前期人群的22%(18%～25%)、17%(13%～20%)、16%(13%～19%)和11%(11%～15%)。病例对照研究的Meta分析显示,痰湿质、阴虚质人群糖尿病前期发病风险的OR值分别是2.86(1.84~4.45)和2.33(1.48~3.68)。糖尿病前期人群在不同地区、年龄、性别方面,中医体质类型分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：痰湿质、平和质、阴虚质、气虚质是糖尿病前期人群最常见的体质,其中痰湿质、阴虚质可能是糖尿病前期发病的危险因素,平和质可能是糖尿病前期的保护因素。     

Association of body mass index with risk of prediabetes in Chinese adults: A population‐based cohort study

Aims/IntroductionOverweight and obesity in adults are strongly associated with an increased risk of prediabetes, and this study set out to gain a better understanding of the optimal body mass index (BMI) range for assessing the risk of prediabetes in the Chinese population.Materials and MethodsThe cohort study included 100,309 Chinese adults who underwent health screening. Participants were divided into six groups based on the cut‐off point for BMI recommended by the World Health Organization (underweight: <18.5 kg/m², normal‐weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m², pre‐obese: 25.0–29.9 kg/m², obese class I: 30.0–34.9 kg/m², obese class II: 35.0–39.9 kg/m², and obese class III ≥40 kg/m²). The association of BMI with prediabetes and the shape of the correlation were modeled using multivariate Cox regression and restricted cubic spline regression, respectively.ResultsIn the multivariate Cox regression model, with normal weight as the control group, underweight people had a lower risk of developing prediabetes, whereas obese and pre‐obese people had a higher risk of prediabetes. Additionally, in the restricted cubic spline model, we found that the association of BMI with prediabetes follows a positive dose–response relationship, but does not conform to the pattern of obesity paradox. Among the general population in China, a BMI of 23.03 kg/m² might be a potential intervention threshold for prediabetes.ConclusionsThe national cohort study found that the association of BMI with prediabetes follows a positive dose–response relationship, rather than a pattern of obesity paradox. For Chinese people with normal weight, more attention should be paid to glucose metabolism when BMI exceeds 23.03 kg/m².     

Impact of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) on cardiovascular events in HCV cohort with pre-diabetes

Background and aimsBeyond type 2 diabetes, even a condition of prediabetes is associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, and HCV infection coexistence represents an exacerbating factor. CV prognosis improvement in prediabetes represents a challenge, due to the increasing prevalence of this metabolic condition worldwide. Hence, we aimed to prospectively assess how direct acting antivirals (DAAs) could affect major cardiovascular events (MACE) in a prediabetic HCV positive cohort.Methods and resultsIn this prospective multicenter study, we enrolled HCV patients with overt prediabetes. We compared a subgroup of patients treated with DAAs with untreated prediabetic controls. We recorded all CV events occurred during an overall median follow-up of 24 months (IQR 19–34). 770 HCV positive prediabetic patients were enrolled, 398 untreated controls and 372 DAAs treated patients. Overall, the CV events annual incidence was much higher among prediabetic treated patients (1.77 vs. 0.62, p < 0.001), and HCV clearance demonstrated to significantly reduce CV events (RR: 0.411, 95%CI 0.148–1.143; p < 0.001), with an estimated NNT for one additional patient to benefit of 52.1. Moreover, an independent association between a lower rate of CV events and HCV clearance after DAAs was observed (OR 4.67; 95%CI 0.44–53.95; p = 0.016).ConclusionsHCV eradication by DAAs allows a significant reduction of MACEs in the prediabetic population, and therefore represents a primary objective, regardless of the severity of liver disease and CV risk factors.     

Clearing hepatitis C virus with direct antiviral agents reduces cardiovascular events in patients with prediabetes. Commentary to Sasso and colleagues

Liver health is a key determinant of cardiovascular risk (CVR). Hepatic fibrosis is the shared common result of chronic hepatitis, irrespective of aetiology. Fibrosis profoundly distorts liver tissue architecture and perturbs hepatic physiology, dictates the course of chronic liver disease and is increasingly recognized as a CVR factor. The relative weights of pre-diabetes and hepatic fibrosis as risk factors for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with HCV remain an open issue. Sasso and Colleagues answered this research question by treating approximately half of 770 HCV positive pre-diabetic patients with direct antiviral agents (DAAs), while the rest served as historical controls. Data have shown that achieving HCV clearance with DAAs was associated with a 60% reduced risk of MACE, thereby implying that this antiviral strategy is recommended in HCV positive pre-diabetic patients, regardless of the severity of liver disease and concurrent CVR factors. This study paves the way for additional studies addressing the molecular patho-mechanisms and changes in the clinical spectrum involved in cardio-metabolic protection following HCV eradication in patients with pre-diabetes.     

Perfil lipoproteico avanzado en individuos con metabolismo glucémico normal y alterado

Introduction and objectivesSeveral types of lipoproteins beyond low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are causally related to cardiovascular disease. We aimed to analyze an advanced lipoprotein profile in individuals with normal and impaired glucose metabolism from different cohorts of a Mediterranean region.MethodsCross-sectional study in 929 participants (463 normoglycemia, 250 prediabetes, and 216 type 2 diabetes mellitus) with normal renal function, free from cardiovascular disease, and without lipid-lowering treatment. Conventional and advanced (nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] spectroscopy) lipoprotein profiles were analyzed.ResultsCompared with men, normoglycemic women showed lower serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentrations, lower total LDL particles (P) as well as their subclasses and their cholesterol and triglyceride content, higher high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-P and all HDL-related variables (P  ≤  .05 for all comparisons). Compared with normoglycemic participants, diabetic participants showed higher large and small very LDL-P concentrations (P < .05) and lower total HDL-P and medium HDL-P concentrations (P < .05). Waist circumference and Fatty Liver Index were positively associated with a proatherogenic profile.ConclusionsWomen had a better advanced lipoprotein profile than did men. Adiposity indexes related to insulin-resistance were positively associated with a proatherogenic lipid profile. NMR revealed altered lipoprotein particles other than LDL in participants with diabetes, frequently associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Our findings support the usefulness of extended lipoprotein analysis by NMR spectroscopy to uncover new therapeutic targets to prevent cardiovascular events in at-risk participants.     

Association between hepatic iron overload assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and glucose intolerance states in the general population

Background and aimWhile there is evidence that iron overload disorders are associated with type 2 diabetes, the relationship between hepatic iron overload and prediabetes remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between hepatic iron overload, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and different glucose intolerance states in the population-based Study.Methods and resultsWe included data from 1622 individuals with MRI data, who did not have known type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Using an oral glucose tolerance testing, participants were classified as having isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), combined IFG and IGT (IFG + IGT) or previously unknown T2DM. Hepatic iron and fat contents were assessed through quantitative MRI. We undertook linear and multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders and MRI-assessed hepatic fat content to examine the association of hepatic iron overload with different glucose intolerance states or continuous markers of glucose metabolism.MRI-assessed hepatic iron overload was positively associated only with both 2-h plasma glucose (β = 0.32; 95%CI 0.04–0.60) and the combined IFG + IGT category (relative risk ratio = 1.87; 95%CI 1.15–3.06). No significant associations were found between hepatic iron overload and other glucose intolerance states or biomarkers of glucose metabolism, independently of potential confounders.ConclusionsMRI-assessed hepatic iron overload was associated with higher 2-h glucose concentrations and the combined IFG + IGT category, but not with other glucose intolerance states. Our findings suggest a weak adverse impact of hepatic iron overload on glucose metabolism, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings.     

Longitudinal Changes in Insulin Resistance,Beta-Cell Function and Glucose Regulation Status in Prediabetes

Background

The changes in insulin resistance and insulin secretion and their association with changes in glucose regulation status in Asians with prediabetes remain uncertain.

Prevención de ictus en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 o prediabetes. Recomendaciones del Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares de la Sociedad Española de Neurología

ObjectiveTo update the Spanish Society of Neurology's guidelines for stroke prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, analysing the available evidence on the effect of metabolic control and the potential benefit of antidiabetic drugs with known vascular benefits in addition to conventional antidiabetic treatments in stroke prevention.DevelopmentPICO-type questions (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) were developed to identify practical issues in the management of stroke patients and to establish specific recommendations for each of them. Subsequently, we conducted systematic reviews of the PubMed database and selected those randomised clinical trials evaluating stroke as an independent variable (primary or secondary). Finally, for each of the PICO questions we developed a meta-analysis to support the final recommendations.ConclusionsWhile there is no evidence that metabolic control reduces the risk of stroke, some families of antidiabetic drugs with vascular benefits have been shown to reduce these effects when added to conventional treatments, both in the field of primary prevention in patients presenting type 2 diabetes and high vascular risk or established atherosclerosis (GLP-1 agonists) and in secondary stroke prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes (pioglitazone).