如何提高农村基层医疗服务的效率和质量——宁夏新农合门诊按人头预付制改革设计与效果

本研究以宁夏回族自治区为案例,针对村医经济激励水平低下,按项目付费引发不恰当诊治行为,系统内缺乏引导供方提高自身服务效率和质量并促进服务与体系整合协调的经济激励等问题,从供方合理激励的角度出发,对新型农村合作医疗支付制度进行改革设计——以乡村为整体对乡镇卫生院和村卫生室提供的门诊服务实施基于绩效的按人头预付制。随后利用配对整群随机试验设计对改革效果进行评估和检验。研究发现,这一支付制度的实施有效降低了农村基本医疗服务中抗生素的使用率,优化了供方的处方行为,对降低村卫生室的单次门诊费用有一定作用,并且促进服务向村卫生室下沉。本文的政策分析和设计思路及严格的政策评估结果可以为我国支付制度的选择和发展提供政策参考和证据支持。     

Provider attitudes toward pay-for-performance programs: development and validation of a measurement instrument

OBJECTIVE: To develop an instrument for assessing physician attitudes toward quality incentive programs, and to assess its reliability and validity. DATA SOURCES: Study involved primary data collection. A 40-item paper and pencil survey of primary care physicians in Rochester, New York, and Massachusetts was conducted between May 2004 and December 2004. Seven-hundred and ninety-eight completed questionnaires were received, representing a response rate of 32 percent (798/2,497). STUDY DESIGN: Based on an extensive review of the literature and discussions with experts in the field, we developed a conceptual framework representing the features of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs hypothesized to affect physician behavior in that context. A draft questionnaire was developed based on that conceptual model and pilot tested in three groups of physicians. The questionnaire was modified based on the physician feedback, and the revised version was distributed to 2,497 primary care physicians affiliated with two of the seven sites participating in Rewarding Results, a national evaluation of quality target and financial incentive programs. DATA COLLECTION: Respondents were randomly divided into a derivation and a validation sample. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to the responses of the derivation sample. Those results were used to create scales in the validation sample, and these were then subjected to multitrait analysis (MTA). One scale representing physicians' perception of the impact of P4P on their clinical practice was regressed on the other scales as a test of construct validity. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Seven constructs were identified and demonstrated substantial convergent and discriminant validity in the MTA: awareness and understanding, clinical relevance, cooperation, unintended consequences, control, financial salience, and impact. Internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha coefficients) ranged from 0.50 to 0.80. A statistically significant 25 percent of the variation in perceived impact was accounted for by physician perceptions of the other six characteristics of P4P programs. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to identify and measure the key salient features of P4P programs using a valid and reliable 26-item survey. This instrument may now be used in further studies to better understand the impact of P4P programs on physician behavior.     

Alternative payment models: From bundled payments for care improvement and comprehensive care for joint replacement to the future?

Since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has been mandated to transform from a passive consumer to an active purchaser of healthcare. The goal of this article is to report on the various bundle payment initiatives [Acute Care Episode Demonstration Project (ACE-DP), Bundle Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI), and Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR)] sanctioned by CMS, and how these innovative reimbursement systems may affect orthopedic practice. The authors will also speculate on future reimbursement systems and how they may be integrated with big data principles to further enhance the quality and efficiency of orthopedic care.     

The impact of pay-for-performance on the quality of care in ophthalmology: Empirical evidence from Germany

BackgroundPay-for-performance (P4P) has become a popular approach to increase effectiveness and efficiency in healthcare. So far, there is little evidence regarding the potential of P4P in the German healthcare setting. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of P4P on the quality of care in cataract surgery.MethodsIn 2012, a P4P program was implemented in a German surgical centre for ophthalmology. Five quality measures regarding process quality, outcomes, and patient satisfaction were measured over a period of 4.5 years. The P4P scheme consisted of bonus and penalty payments accounting for five per cent of total compensation. Overall, 1657 P4P cases were examined and compared with 4307 control cases. Interrupted time series and group comparisons were conducted to identify quality and spill-over effects.ResultsWe found a positive impact on process quality and patient satisfaction before the implementation of the P4P scheme, but declining trends during and after the implementation. Our findings did not show an impact of P4P on outcome measures. Furthermore, P4P did not result in better quality of care, compared with the German hospital-based reimbursement scheme.ConclusionThis study did not show any positive long-term effects of the implementation of P4P on quality of care. Therefore, our results do not support the hypothesis that P4P leads to significant improvements in quality of care.     

Understanding readmissions in children undergoing surgery: A pediatric NSQIP analysis

Background

Readmission is increasingly being utilized as an important clinical outcome and measure of hospital quality. Our aim was to delineate rates, risk factors, and reasons for unplanned readmission in pediatric surgery.

医疗卫生绩效薪酬支付的国际经验及对中国的启示

为提高医疗质量,过去几十年来世界各国在医疗卫生系统设计并推行了"绩效薪酬支付"项目。这些项目针对不同的对象以及单位和部门进行激励。近年,绩效薪酬被逐渐引入我国医疗卫生系统。本文回顾了国际上主要国家(美国、法国和英国等)在医疗卫生体系内推行的绩效薪酬项目,梳理了各国在项目设计时的共性经验,总结了项目设计时需要考虑的关键要素,包括项目的激励对象、绩效指标、激励方式、绩效基准等,并分析这些要素的优缺点及实施中可能出现的问题,旨在为我国的医疗卫生系统绩效薪酬改革提供参考。     

提高农村基层卫生服务绩效管理水平——中国农村卫生发展项目40县绩效改革设计与效果

世行贷款/英国赠款中国农村卫生发展项目(简称"卫十一项目")于2008年开始在我国8个省40个项目县引入绩效管理的思想,开展以绩效计划、绩效沟通、绩效考核、绩效改进为主要内容的循环管理,以绩效持续改进为目标,建立基于卫生服务绩效的激励机制。经过5年的试点,40个项目县中建成了若干个具有示范意义的绩效管理先进县,在改善卫生服务质量、提高基层医疗卫生机构管理者和员工的积极性、提高卫生服务效率等方面,取得了较好的效果,积累了一定的经验。绩效考核始终以质量为核心;经济激励与非经济激励措施有机结合;全员参与以保证绩效改善的可持续性;系统化的绩效管理思想应得到充分运用,以有效提升农村基层卫生服务绩效管理水平。     

Radiology Patient Outcome Measures: Impact of a Departmental Pay-for-Performance Initiative on Key Quality and Safety Measures

ObjectiveAssess impact of a multifaceted pay-for-performance (PFP) initiative on radiologists’ behavior regarding key quality and safety measures.MethodsThis institutional review board–approved prospective study was performed at a large, 12-division urban academic radiology department. Radiology patient outcome measures were implemented October 1, 2017, measuring report signature timeliness, critical results communication, and generation of peer-learning communications between radiologists. Subspecialty division-wide and individual radiologist targets were specified, performance was transparently communicated on an intranet dashboard updated daily, and performance was financially incentivized (5% of salary) quarterly. We compared outcomes 12 months pre- versus 12 months post-PFP implementation. Primary outcome was monthly 90th percentile time from scan completion to final report signature (CtoF). Secondary outcomes were percentage timely closed-loop communication of critical results and number of division-wide peer-learning communications. Statistical process control analysis and parallel coordinates charts were used to assess for temporal trends.ResultsIn all, 144 radiologists generated 1,255,771 reports (613,273 pre-PFP) during the study period. Monthly 90th percentile CtoF exhibited an absolute decrease of 4.4 hours (from 21.1 to 16.7 hours) and a 20.9% relative decrease post-PFP. Statistical process control analysis demonstrated significant decreases in 90th percentile CtoF post-PFP, sustained throughout the study period (P < .003). Between 95% (119 of 125, July 1, 2018, to September 30, 2018) and 98.4% (126 of 128, October 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017) of radiologists achieved >90% timely closure of critical alerts; all divisions exceeded the target of 90 peer-learning communications each quarter (range: 97-472) after January 1, 2018.DiscussionImplementation of a multifaceted PFP initiative using well-defined radiology patient outcome measures correlated with measurable improvements in radiologist behavior regarding key quality and safety parameters.