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1.
This study is focussed on micro-encapsulation of essential oils in polylactic acid (PLA) and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix as well as blends of the same. Microspheres were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The encapsulation efficiencies and release profiles of the essential oils were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and head-space solid-phase microextraction GC-MS, respectively. Furthermore, the microspheres were tested for antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.
The results showed that the microspheres compositions (PLA/PMMA ratio) have significant effect on their characteristics. The process adopted for preparing the microspheres promoted formation of spherical particles at the sizes of 1.5–9.5?µm. The highest encapsulation efficiency of the prepared microspheres was observed in systems consisting of linalool (81.10?±?10.0?wt. % for PLA system and 76.0?±?3.3?wt. % for PMMA system). Confirmation was also made that the release rate of the microspheres was affected by the size of the same. 相似文献
2.
《Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics》2020,35(1):56-70
Hepatic uptake mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and 1B3 can serve as a major elimination pathway for various anionic drugs and as a site of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This article provides an overview of the in vitro approaches used to predict human hepatic clearance (CLh) and the risk of DDIs involving OATP1Bs. On the basis of the so-called extended clearance concept, in vitro–in vivo extrapolation methods using human hepatocytes as in vitro systems have been used to predict the CLh involving OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake. CLh can be quantitatively predicted using human donor lots possessing adequate OATP1B activities. The contribution of OATP1Bs to hepatic uptake can be estimated by the relative activity factor, the relative expression factor, or selective inhibitor approaches, which offer generally consistent outcomes. In OATP1B1 inhibition assays, substantial substrate dependency was observed. The time-dependent inhibition of OATP1B1 was also noted and may be a mechanism underlying the in vitro–in vivo differences in the inhibition constant of cyclosporine A. Although it is still challenging to quantitatively predict CLh and DDIs involving OATP1Bs from only preclinical data, understanding the utility and limitation of the current in vitro methods will pave the way for better prediction. 相似文献
3.
Phytonutrients extracted from natural resources are receiving much attention among researchers due to their highly antioxidative characteristics which prevent several degenerative diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancers. These nutraceutical compounds can be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as natural antioxidants, preservatives, colourants and functional foods. Huge volume of food wastes are generated from the processing industry and these low-value food residues are rich in various phytonutrients worth recovering. This approach of valorisation reduces the generation of food wastes and is cost-effective considering the cheap feedstock, reduced waste management expenses and high market value of extracted compounds. In light of the health and safety risks posed by commonly used organic extraction solvents derived from the petrochemical industry, there is a need to recover the phytonutrients using green, sustainable and efficient solvents that are safe for human consumption. This work discusses ethyl lactate as a safe, green, efficient and potentially cheap solvent to recover phytonutrients from fruit and vegetable by-products. Ethyl lactate is compared with other organic solvents commonly used from the aspects of safety, environmental impacts and efficiency. Current challenges when employing ethyl lactate are also discussed. 相似文献
4.
《Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics》2019,34(1):87-94
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the involvement of Mate1 in the tubular secretion of trimethoprim and saturation of Mate1-mediated efflux to address the mechanisms underlying the pharmacokinetic drug interactions with trimethoprim. Trimethoprim is a more potent inhibitor of MATE2-K than MATE1 with Ki values (μM) of 0.030–0.28 and 2.4–5.9, respectively. Trimethoprim is a substrate of human MATE1 and MATE2-K with Km values of 2.3 ± 0.9 and 0.018 ± 0.004 μM, and mouse Mate1, but not human OCT2, mouse Oct1 and Oct2. Pyrimethamine significantly reduced the renal clearance (CLR) of trimethoprim (mL/min/kg) from 40.0 ± 5.1 to 20.1 ± 3.7 (p < 0.05). Trimethoprim was given to mice at three infusion rates (150, 500, and 1500 nmol/min/kg). Together with an increase in the plasma concentrations of trimethoprim, the CLR (mL/min/kg) of trimethoprim decreased to 25.9 ± 3.2, 13.5 ± 5.7, and 8.92 ± 1.50 at the respective rates. Trimethoprim decreased the CLR of rhodamine 123 in an infusion rate-dependent manner: 11.5 ± 1.3 (control), 5.17 ± 1.55, 1.31 ± 0.50, and 0.532 ± 0.180. These results suggest that Mate1 mediates the tubular secretion of trimethoprim, and at therapeutic doses, MATEs-mediated efflux can be saturated, and thereby, cause drug interactions with other MATE substrates. 相似文献
5.
6.
建立了顶空毛细管GC法测定吉非罗齐中甲酸乙酯、THF和甲基环己烷3种有机溶剂的残留量。采用HP-1毛细管柱,溶剂DMA,内标乙酸乙酯。平均同收率分别为99.8%、100.3%、100.0%,RSD分别为0.71%、1.51%和1.76%。 相似文献
7.
对有机相脂肪酶催化合成技术的研究及其在食品、化妆品、医药、精细化工领域的应用进行了综述,表明有机相脂肪酶催化合成技术具有直接利用底物、反应条件温和、反应选择性高、产品容易分离纯化、产品具有绿色环保概念等优点。 相似文献
8.
建立了顶空毛细管GC法测定头孢西丁钠中甲醇残留量,并探讨了药物结构中甲氧基对测定的影响。采用DM-624石英毛细管柱,检测器为FID。甲醇在0.02~5mg/ml浓度范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9999)。方法平均回收率为97.7%,RSD为1.8%。 相似文献
9.
目的建立石茶感冒胶囊中可能残留的7种有机溶剂(正己烷、苯、甲苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯、二乙烯苯)的检测方法。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent HP—INNOWAX毛细管柱(30m×1.0mm,0.53μm),载气为高纯氮气;项空温度为70℃,顶空时间30min;柱温自30℃恒定5min,以10℃/min升温速率升至200℃,恒定5min;氢火焰离子检测器(FID),温度为250℃。结果7种有机溶剂残留物在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9994~0.9998),精密度RSD均小于5.0%,被测组分的平均回收率在99.16%~102.0%之间。结论该方法操作简便、快速、准确度高,可用于检测石茶感冒胶囊中的有机溶剂残留物。 相似文献
10.
用有机锗(Ge-132)试验治疗荷移植肝癌小鼠。结果:De-132高剂量(12.5mg/次)治疗组的抑癌率为用31.0%,移植肝癌白细胞(WBC)浸润(+++)占72.7%、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性为121Nu/ml,而生理盐水对照治疗组相应的后两项指标分别为用36.4%及81Nu/ml,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);环磷酰胺(CTX)治疗组的抑癌率为37.0%,癌体WBC浸润(+++)为27.3%,血清SOD活性为102Nu/ml;ge-132高剂量与CTX2联合治疗组的抑癌率为45.0%,癌体WBC浸润(+++)为54.5%,血清SOD活性为142Nu/ml,两组比较,后二项指标有显著性差异(P<0.05)。由此提示Ge-132高剂量能明显增强荷移植肝癌小鼠的细胞免疫及血清SOD活性,并有一定的抗移植肝癌作用。 相似文献