Fecal microbiota transplantation to eradicate vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in case of an outbreak

Objective

A rapid and worrying emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) gut colonization is occurring worldwide and may be responsible for outbreaks, especially in healthcare facilities. While no efficient decolonization strategies are recommended, we assessed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to eradicate VRE colonization.

Predominance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the residents and environments of long-term care facilities in Taiwan

Background/purpose

This study investigated the distribution and persistence of multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) in six long-term care facilities (LTCFs).

糖尿病足患者发生多重耐药菌感染的危险因素研究

目的 探讨糖尿病足患者发生多重耐药菌（MDROs）感染的危险因素及病原菌分布情况。方法 以2019年1月至2020年12月青岛市某三甲医院内分泌门诊就诊的糖尿病足患者为研究对象进行资料收集、体格检查及空腹静脉血采集,并采用灭菌棉拭子擦拭创面拭取分泌物用于病原菌感染情况及耐药性检测。采用描述流行病学分析方法进行分析,并采用单、多因素分析方法对多重耐药影响因素进行分析。结果 本研究共对5 122例糖尿病足患者进行MDROs感染情况分析,年龄35~85岁,平均（61.03±11.19）岁,糖尿病病程1~29年,平均（12.32±7.16）年。多重感染者210例,多重感染率为4.10%。共分离出265株MDROs,居于前3位的MDROs分别是金黄色葡萄球菌109株（41.13%）、铜绿假单胞菌61株（23.02%）、大肠杆菌58株（21.89%）。主要的MDROs中金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林100%耐药,大肠杆菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶100%耐药,未见对万古霉素耐药菌。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,抗菌药物暴露史（OR=1.962）、因同一伤口住院次数>2次/年（OR=1.970）、骨髓炎（OR=4.323）、神经缺血性伤口（OR=1.269）和抗菌药物疗程≥5 d（OR=1.487、3.274、1.602）是糖尿病足患者发生MDROs感染的危险因素。结论 糖尿病足患者抗菌药物暴露史、因同一伤口住院次数>2次/年、骨髓炎、神经缺血性伤口以及使用抗菌药物疗程与发生MDROs感染存在密切关系。     

耐多药肺结核患者呼吸道感染的病原菌耐药性分析

目的了解耐多药肺结核患者呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,为正确选择抗菌药物治疗提供依据。方法选取2007年1月-2013年1月治疗的耐多药肺结核患者87例,采集患者痰标本进行培养及药敏试验,分析病原菌种类及耐药性,数据采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析。结果 87例患者痰标本培养出病原菌178株,其中革兰阴性菌124株占69.66%,革兰阳性球菌12株占6.74%,真菌42株占23.60%;金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、阿奇霉素及青霉素G的耐药率分别为100.00%、85.71%及100.00%;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟、氨曲南、环丙沙星的耐药率分别为97.37%、94.94%、97.37%;真菌对酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑有不同程度的耐药性,对两性霉素B的耐药率为0。结论革兰阴性杆菌是耐多药肺结核患者呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,真菌感染的比例较大,革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌均对常用的抗菌药物的耐药性较高,临床应根据细菌培养及药敏试验结果选用合理的抗菌药物,以增强疗效及降低耐药率。     

Infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria: What's new in our arsenal and what's in the pipeline?

The spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria is an ever-growing concern, particularly among Gram-negative bacteria because of their intrinsic resistance and how quickly they acquire and spread new resistance mechanisms. Treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria is a challenge for medical practitioners and increases patient mortality and cost of care globally. This vulnerability, along with strategies to tackle antimicrobial resistance development, prompts the development of new antibiotic agents and exploration of alternative treatment options. This article summarises the new antibiotics that have recently been approved for Gram-negative bacterial infections, looks down the pipeline at promising agents currently in phase I, II, or III clinical trials, and introduces new alternative avenues that show potential in combating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.     

Impact of single-room contact precautions on hospital-acquisition and transmission of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli: a prospective multicentre cohort study in haematological and oncological wards

ObjectivesColonization and infection with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCR-EC) are frequent in haematological and oncological patients. In this high-risk setting, German guidelines recommend single-room contact precautions (SCP) for patients with 3GCR-EC that are non-susceptible to fluoroquinolones (F3GCR-EC). However, this recommendation is controversial, as evidence is limited.MethodsWe performed a prospective, multicentre cohort study at four haematology and oncology departments assessing the impact of SCP on hospital-acquired colonization or bloodstream infection (BSI) with F3GCR-EC. Two sites performed SCP for F3GCR-EC patients including single rooms, gloves and gowns (SCP sites), and two did not (NCP sites). Active screening for 3GCR-EC was performed and isolates were characterized with molecular typing methods including whole genome sequencing and core genome multiple locus sequence typing to assess patient-to-patient transmission. Potential confounders were assessed by competing-risk regression analysis.ResultsWithin 12 months, 1386 patients at NCP sites and 1582 patients at SCP sites were included. Hospital-acquisition of F3GCR-EC was observed in 22/1386 (1.59%) and 16/1582 (1.01%) patients, respectively (p 0.191). There were 3/1386 (0.22%) patients with BSI caused by F3GCR-EC at NCP sites and 4/1582 (0.25%) at SCP sites (p 1.000). Patient-to-patient transmission occurred in three cases at NCP and SCP sites each (p 1.000). The number of patients needed to screen in order to prevent one patient-to-patient transmission of F3GCR-EC was determined to be 3729.ConclusionsUse of SCP had no significant impact on hospital-acquisition or patient-to-patient transmission of F3GCR-EC in this high-risk setting.     

Osteomyelitis due to multiple carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria: The first case report of a GES-13-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate in Canada

A case of osteomyelitis in an infant following a burn injury sustained in Pakistan caused by a GES-13-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (the first reported in Canada) and an OXA-48 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is described. The present case serves to highlight the importance of international travel as a risk factor for infection with carbapenemase-producing bacteria and the challenges in the laboratory detection of these organisms.     

耐多药肺结核的临床治疗及不良反应发生情况分析

目的分析耐多药肺结核的临床治疗及不良反应发生情况。方法研究阶段为2015年3月~2017年3月,共纳入研究对象296例,均为耐多药肺结核患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用标准用药方案,观察组在标准用药方案基础上联合左氧氟沙星、帕司烟肼治疗,比较两组临床效果及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组总有效94.59%(140/148)明显高于对照组总有效81.08%(120/148),差异显著(P0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。296例研究对象共出现36例不良反应,其中用药7 d内出现不良反应3例,8~15 d发生不良反应4例,16~30 d发生不良反应19例,31~45 d发生不良反应9例,超过45 d发生不良反应1例。性别、年龄、耐药株来源不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对耐多药肺结核患者的治疗中,可考虑采用在标准治疗方案的基础上联合左氧氟沙星、帕司烟肼,临床疗效良好,灭菌效果好。但是为确保治疗效果和用药安全,治疗过程中需要密切关注患者的病情变化,预防不良反应发生。