Variability in non-core vaccination rates of dogs and cats in veterinary clinics across the United States

Vaccination guidelines for dogs and cats indicate that core vaccines (for dogs, rabies, distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus; for cats, feline parvovirus, herpes virus-1, calicivirus) are essential to maintain health, and that non-core vaccines be administered according to a clinician’s assessment of a pet’s risk of exposure and susceptibility to infection. A reliance on individual risk assessment introduces the potential for between-practice inconsistencies in non-core vaccine recommendations. A study was initiated to determine non-core vaccination rates of dogs (Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza virus) and cats (feline leukemia virus) in patients current for core vaccines in veterinary practices across the United States. Transactional data for 5,531,866 dogs (1,670 practices) and 1,914,373 cats (1,661 practices) were retrieved from practice management systems for the period November 1, 2016 through January 1, 2020, deidentified and normalized. Non-core vaccination status was evaluated in 2,798,875 dogs and 788,772 cats that were core-vaccine current. Nationally, median clinic vaccination rates for dogs were highest for leptospirosis (70.5%) and B. bronchiseptica (68.7%), and much lower for canine influenza (4.8%). In Lyme-endemic states, the median clinic borreliosis vaccination rate was 51.8%. Feline leukemia median clinic vaccination rates were low for adult cats (34.6%) and for kittens and 1-year old cats (36.8%). Individual clinic vaccination rates ranged from 0 to 100% for leptospirosis, B. bronchiseptica and feline leukemia, 0–96% for canine influenza, and 0–94% for borreliosis. Wide variation in non-core vaccination rates between clinics in similar geographies indicates that factors other than disease risk are driving the use of non-core vaccines in pet dogs and cats, highlighting a need for veterinary practices to address gaps in patient protection. Failure to implement effective non-core vaccination strategies leaves susceptible dogs and cats unprotected against vaccine-preventable diseases.     

微创Chevron-Akin截骨术治疗轻中度拇外翻的早期疗效分析

目的:探讨微创Chevron-Akin(minimally invasive Chevron-Akin,MICA)截骨术治疗轻中度拇外翻的早期临床疗效。方法:自2019年6月至2021年4月,采用MICA截骨术治疗26例(29足)轻中度拇外翻患者,其中男1例,女25例;年龄19~78(38.3±19.5)岁。观察并比较手术前后拇外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA),第1、2跖骨间角(intermetatarsal angle,IMA),第1跖骨短缩。末次随访时采用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)前足评分系统及视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评价治疗效果,并记录相关并发症。结果:26例(29足)均获得随访,时间12~33(19.6±5.1)个月。HVA、IMA分别由术前的(32.3±6.6)°、(11.7±3.2)°矫正为术后的(13.0±5.3)°、(6.1±3.2)°,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);第1跖骨短缩(2.7±1.1) mm。AOFAS评分由术前的(55.7±7.4)分提高到术后的(88.5±7.9)分(P<0.01),其中优15足,良11足,可3足。VAS由术前的(6.5±1.5)分改善为术后的(0.7±0.4)分(P<0.01)。结论:MICA截骨术创伤小,术后恢复快,并发症率低,并且能有效改善拇外翻畸形,是治疗轻中度拇外翻的安全可靠手术方法。     

逆行髓内钉辅助在儿童股骨延长中的应用

目的采用髓内钉辅助延长技术进行儿童股骨大段延长,评估其可行性,并对比同期矫正和分期手术的技术要点,明确此技术在儿童患儿中的应用价值。方法自2014年7月7日至2018年1月16日共规划完成逆行髓内钉辅助延长手术10例,其中男9例,女1例;年龄(13.10±2.18)岁。所有患儿延长截骨点均位于股骨远端干骺端,初诊至末次随访记录内容包括:性别、出生日期、不等长病因及治疗史、术时年龄、延长长度、带架时间、延长段愈合时间、屈膝角度、并发症等。比较同期延长和分期矫正的愈合时间,采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,提出合理的治疗策略。结果10例患儿患肢平均延长(7.07±1.01)cm,中位带架时间为8.5(4,16)个月,中位随访时间为39(34,54)个月。所有病例均获得了良好的临床和影像学愈合,并全部恢复正常行走功能,无延长后骨折发生。同期矫正与分期手术间在愈合速度为[(1.70±1.10)月/cm vs.(1.16±0.54)月/cm],膝关节功能(136.67°±20.82°vs.125.71°±26.37°)和并发症率方面的差异均无统计学意义。结论外固定架辅助逆行髓内钉技术进行股骨延长治疗儿童股骨短缩畸形是可行的,是股骨延长的有效手术方式之一;较轻的角度畸形和延长手术可同期进行;干骺端截骨延长成骨质量更佳,可有效减少带架时间;内生软骨瘤患儿的病变区延长是安全的。     

Emerging Aspects of the Body Composition,Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Phenotypes in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Anthropomorphic measures among type 1 diabetic patients are changing as the obesity epidemic continues. Excess fat mass may impact bone density and ultimately fracture risk. We studied the interaction between bone and adipose tissue in type 1 diabetes subjects submitted to two different clinical managements: (I) conventional insulin therapy or (II) autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (AHST). The study comprised 3 groups matched by age, gender, height and weight: control (C = 24), type 1 diabetes (T1D = 23) and type 1 diabetes treated with AHST (T1D-AHST = 9). Bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS) were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). ¹H Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) in the L3 vertebra, and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess intrahepatic lipids (IHL), visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Individuals conventionally treated for T1D were more likely to be overweight (C = 23.8 ± 3.7; T1D = 25.3 ± 3.4; T1D-AHST = 22.5 ± 2.2 Kg/m²; p > 0.05), but there was no excessive lipid accumulation in VAT or liver. Areal BMD of the three groups were similar at all sites; lumbar spine TBS (L3) was lower in type 1 diabetes (p < 0.05). Neither SAT nor VAT had any association with bone parameters. Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) lipid profiles were similar among groups. BMAT saturated lipids were associated with cholesterol, whereas unsaturated lipids had an association with IGF1. Overweight and normal weight subjects with type 1 diabetes have normal areal bone density, but lower trabecular bone scores. Adipose distribution is normal and BMAT volume is similar to controls, irrespective of clinical treatment.     

3D打印技术在复杂胫骨平台骨折手术中的应用研究

目的 探讨应用3D打印技术辅助手术治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法 选取2014年1月至2017年3月我院收治的复杂胫骨平台骨折病人29例，随机分为观察组（15例）及对照组（14例）进行队列分析比较。观察组胫骨平台经Mimics软件处理，3D打印成1∶1骨折模型，将骨折及健侧模型进行镜像对比，设定手术方案；对照组常规参照术前X线片及CT制定修复方案。术后观察并对两组的手术时间、出血量、术后关节塌陷纠正情况、术后12个月膝关节Rasmussen功能评分进行比较。结果 本研究29例病人的随防时间为（12.55±2.46）个月。观察组的手术时间、出血量明显小于对照组，术后关节塌陷纠正情况优于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（t=2.297，P=0.029；t=2.674，P=0.013；t=2.658，P=0.020）；术后12个月两组膝关节Rasmussen评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；观察组膝关节功能恢复优良率（93.33%）高于对照组（78.57%）。结论 针对复杂胫骨平台骨折，应用3D打印技术制作骨折模型，通过模拟手术操作可以有效缩短手术时间，减少术中出血，纠正关节面塌陷程度。     

双侧锁定接骨板固定干骺端粉碎性股骨远端骨折的生物力学研究

目的 通过生物力学测试明确双侧锁定接骨板治疗干骺端粉碎性股骨远端骨折的各项力学特性。方法 采用16根力学测试专用股骨建立干骺端粉碎性股骨远端骨折（AO分型为C2.3型）模型，分为2组，对照组为单纯外侧解剖锁定接骨板固定，观察组为外侧解剖锁定接骨板和内侧锁定加压接骨板联合固定，每组8根人工骨，其中5根依次进行扭转负荷测试、轴向负荷测试和循环轴向负荷测试，检测扭转刚度、轴向刚度、股骨远端内侧压缩位移和内侧骨折端的微动；剩余3根进行极限负荷测试，记录内固定失败时的最大载荷。结果 ①扭转及垂直负荷测试中，观察组的扭转及轴向刚度分别为（4.28±0.43） Nm/deg、（1 850.14±99.88） N/mm，明显高于对照组的（2.26±0.09） Nm/deg、（884.02±68.15） N/mm；②轴向循环负荷测试中，两组模型均未出现螺钉松动或钢板断裂等内固定失败的情况，但对照组骨折端内侧间隙缩小（1.54±0.24） mm，明显大于观察组的（0.15±0.08） mm；③对照组内侧骨折块的微动位移为（3.25±0.21） mm，也明显高于观察组的（0.17±0.05） mm；④轴向极限负荷测试中，观察组发生骨折间隙明显缩窄或内固定失败时的极限载荷为（18 118.33±133.33） N，明显高于对照组的（6 334.33±34.39） N。上述数据组间比较，差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。结论 双侧锁定接骨板固定干骺端粉碎性股骨远端骨折可明显增加固定强度，从而为骨折愈合提供更稳定的生物力学环境。     

Predictors of Left Atrial Thrombi and Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast in the Acute Phase After Cardioembolic Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: The underlying mechanism of the residual left atrial thrombus (LAT)/spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) after the onset of cardioembolic stroke (CES) is unknown. This study aims to investigate the utility of CHADS₂ and CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores for predicting LAT/SEC, and to investigate the risk factors of residual LAT/SEC after CES onset. Methods: This retrospective study included 124 patients who were admitted with the acute phase of CES at our center. The clinical, echocardiographic variables, the CHADS₂/CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score were retrospectively assessed on admission. Results: Of 124 patients, LAT or SEC was detected in 39 patients (31.5%, 17 LAT and 38 SEC). Univariate analysis showed that the LAT/SEC group had a higher prevalence of nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, hypertension, the rate of anticoagulation before admission, higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, larger left atrial diameter, and elevated E wave. In contrast, the CHADS₂ and CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores were not associated with LAT/SEC. LAT/SEC was associated with nonparoxysmal AF and LV hypertrophy on multivariate analysis. Moreover, all patients were divided into 4 groups based on the combination between non-paroxysmal AF and LV hypertrophy. The rate of LAT/SEC was the highest (87.5%) in patients with nonparoxysmal AF and LV hypertrophy. Conclusions: Nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy were associated with residual left atrial thrombus/spontaneous echo contrast in the acute phase after cardioembolic stroke that was independent of the CHADS₂ and CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores.