Activity spaces in studies of the environment and physical activity: A review and synthesis of implications for causality

Activity spaces are increasingly used to understand how people interact with their environment and engage in activity but their use may raise challenges regarding causal inference. We conducted a systematic review of findings and the methodological, analytical and conceptual issues relevant to causal inference. Studies were included if they comprised a spatial summary of locations visited, assessed any part of the causal pathway between the environment, physical activity and health, and used quantitative or qualitative methods. We searched seven electronic databases in January 2018 and screened 11910 articles for eligibility. Forty-seven studies were included for review. Studies answered research questions about features of or environmental features within activity spaces using a range of spatial and temporal summary techniques. The conceptual challenge of using activity spaces to strengthen causal inference was rarely considered, although some studies discussed circularity, temporality, and plausibility. Future studies should use longitudinal and experimental designs and consider the potential and actual use of spaces for physical activity, and their relationship with total levels of activity.     

Practicalities in doctorate research of using grounded theory methodology in understanding nurses’ behaviours when caring for culturally diverse patients

This article provides a critical review of how grounded theory methodology was used to explore student and registered nurses' experiences of caring for culturally diverse patients, as part of a doctorate of philosophy. It illustrates how a continuous cycle of data collection, constant comparative analysis and theoretical sampling was operationalised and explains how these methods were consistent with classic grounded theory methodology. It describes how a theory of resigned Indifference was generated, which explains how nurses used a raft of disengagement strategies as a means of dealing with their uncertainties, during cross cultural encounters. Disengagement was allowed and sometimes even facilitated within clinical practice and as a result nurses became indifferent to people they knew little about and appeared resigned that this was acceptable. This study highlights the need for greater consideration into how cultural competence development is taught, learnt and more importantly, applied in clinical practice. The detailed explanation of the methodology and methods used is intended to provide a practical guide for researchers considering using the methodology. It describes how new insights into nurses’ behaviours towards culturally diverse patients were generated, which has relevance and utility for practising nurses and nurse educators.     

Avoidable hospitalisation for diabetes mellitus among immigrants and natives: Results from the Italian Network for Longitudinal Metropolitan Studies

Background and aimsItaly has experienced a relevant increase in migration inflow over the last 20 years. Although the Italian Health Service is widely accessible, immigrants can face many barriers that limit their use of health services. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a different prevalence across ethnic groups, but studies focusing on DM care among immigrants in Europe are scarce. This study aimed to compare the rates of avoidable hospitalisation (AH) between native and immigrant adults in Italy.Methods and resultsA multi-centre open cohort study including all 18- to 64-year-old residents in Turin, Venice, Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Bologna and Rome between 01/01/2001 and 31/12/2013–14 was conducted. Italian citizens were compared with immigrants from high migratory pressure countries who were further divided by their area of origin. We calculated age-, sex- and calendar year-adjusted rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of AH for DM by citizenship using negative binomial regression models. The RRs were summarized using a random effects meta-analysis. The results showed higher AH rates among immigrant males (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.16–2.23), whereas no significant difference was found for females (RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.65–1.99). Immigrants from Asia and Africa showed a higher risk than Italians, whereas those from Central-Eastern Europe and Central-Southern America did not show any increased risk.ConclusionAdult male immigrants were at higher risk of experiencing AH for DM than Italians, with differences by area of origin, suggesting that they may experience lower access to and lower quality of primary care for DM. These services should be improved to reduce disparities.     

基于ADOPT问题解决模式下的个体化护理对口腔正畸患者自我 护理能力的影响

目的 探讨ADOPT问题解决模式下的个体化护理对口腔正畸患者自我护理能力的影响。方法 选 取2021年1月-12月我院正畸科收诊的80例正畸患者作为观察对象，采用自拟抽签法随机分为对照组与观察 组，各40例。对照组采用常规护理，观察组采用ADOPT问题解决模式下的个体化护理，比较两组干预前后 自我管理能力、生活质量以及社会心理适应能力。结果 两组干预后1个月生活质量以及自我管理能力评分 高于干预前，且观察组高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组接受水平、持续担忧、积极 面对评分高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 ADOPT问题解决模式下的个体化护理有助于 提升口腔正畸患者自我管理能力及社会心理适应能力，进而提高患者生活质量。     

The economic case for well-considered investment in health-related employment support: Costs and savings of alternative modified Individual and Placement Support (IPS) models

Background

Health-related unemployment is a major issue across advanced economies. Modified versions of well-evidenced Individual Placement and Support (IPS) models of employment support for health cohorts offer considerable potential. A significant gap currently however is the lack of evidence around their financial return on investment.

2016年滦南县放射工作人员外照射个人剂量及放射诊疗设备现状分析

目的 了解滦南县放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平及放射诊疗设备现状,为评价放射工作场所防护现状提供依据。方法 按照《职业性外照射个人监测规范》（GBZ 128-2016）的要求,采用热释光剂量法对滦南县所有医疗卫生机构放射工作人员外照射进行监测。结果 滦南县共有放射诊疗单位30家,放射工作人员146人,实际监测人员131人,监测率89.73%。131人的集体年剂量当量为51.97 mSv人,人均年剂量当量为0.40 mSv。其中128人年剂量当量低于2 mSv,3人年剂量当量在2~5 mSv之间,占2.29%,年剂量当量值均无超过5 mSv。县级医院人均年剂量当量为0.36 mSv,乡镇级医院人均年剂量当量为0.44 mSv,牙科门诊人均年剂量当量为0.34 mSv,个体诊所人均年剂量当量为0.31 mSv。放射工作人员中以普通放射工作人员为主,共计97人,占74.05%,人均年剂量当量0.38 mSv;从事CT人员19人,人均年剂量当量0.50 mSv;从事介入人员9人,人均年剂量当量0.24 mSv;专职牙科人员4人,人均年剂量当量0.34 mSv;放射治疗2人,人均年剂量当量1.04 mSv。经比较,放射治疗与其他放射工种的人均年剂量当量差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 全县放射工作人员人均年有效剂量均远远低于国家标准限值,表明放射职业环境相对安全。     

个性化牙颌组织三维有限元模型库的建立

目的 探讨建立牙颌组织个体化有限元模型库的方法。方法：以正常上下颌骨及全牙列三组有限元模型为基础，利用Ansys5．5分析软件，分割、修整或重建非正常情况的牙颌组织模型。结果：分类建成3类常用的模型库．包括牙槽骨吸收牙、松动牙、以及缺牙区牙槽骨降低3类情况，308个单元体。结论：模型具有良好的几何形态，有限元力学模型用于个体化病例，更符合临床和科研需要：     

Robert Liberman's Influence on Supported Employment

The authors have developed individual placement and support using many of the principles of psychiatric rehabilitation of Robert P. Liberman. These included respect for the individual, working in collaboration with the family, integrating skills and supports, using simple behavioral techniques to teach skills in a particular context, combining clinical and rehabilitative approaches, and insisting on rigorous research. As individual placement and support has become an evidence-based practice and has spread around the globe, Bob continues to be a tireless mentor, supporter, colleague, and friend.