何廉臣《感症宝筏》手校稿本述考

《感症宝筏》原名《伤寒指掌》,为清代医家吴贞所著,何廉臣重订,体现了清代中后期寒温思想的融合。该稿本为何廉臣出版该书时手校之底本,由其子抄录,内有多处校对、抄录笔迹及校改痕迹。从该稿本的抄写和体例、稿本与通行本之对比、该稿本中的修改符号等几个方面进行论述,探讨其学术与文物价值。     

高原地区首例新型冠状病毒肺炎CT诊断分析并文献复习

目的回顾性分析高原地区首例新型冠状病毒肺炎的CT影像特征及临床表现,以提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析高原地区1例确诊新型冠状病毒患者的CT影像及临床资料并进行文献复习。结果患者患病过程中早期、进展期及转归期的CT表现较为典型,与内地文献报道无明显差异,但诊断时应与高原性病种相互鉴别。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎的诊断除结合临床特征、实验室检查、流行病学史及核酸检测外,CT扫描在治疗后的复查及早期的诊断可以提供必要的补充资料,熟悉该病CT诊断的分期表现有助于诊断。     

Demographic and social context of deaths during the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho,London: a reappraisal of Dr John Snow's investigation

Deaths from cholera in Soho, London (late July to end of September 1854) exposed the epidemiology of the disease and demonstrated applied geospatial analysis by highlighting the shortest path principle followed by local residents when they obtained drinking water from a contaminated pump. The present investigation explores if households and individuals with different demographic and socio-economic characteristics were more or less likely to obtain their water from the pump and succumb to the disease. It combines information from the 1851 Population Census and topographic databases with the digital deaths and water pump data to reveal the risk of exposure and the mortality rate were greater for certain occupations, age groups and people living at high residential density irrespective of proximity to the contaminated water pump.     

Shifts in patients’ question-asking behaviour between 2007 and 2016: An observational study of video-recorded general practice consultations

ObjectiveTo gain insight into patient participation in general practice by examining if and how patients’ question-asking behaviour has changed over the years (2007–2016).MethodsA random set of real-life video-recorded consultations collected in 2015–2016 (n = 437) was observed and compared with that of a former study in 2007–2008 (n = 533). Patients’ question-asking behaviour was coded using an adapted RIAS protocol containing six categories: medical condition/therapeutic regimen; psychosocial; social context; lifestyle; ask for opinion doctor; practical. GPs and patients completed questionnaires about their background characteristics. Data were analysed using multi-level analysis.ResultsPatients asked fewer questions in 2016 than in 2007. The type of question-asking behaviour changed significantly: in particular medical questions decreased while practical questions increased. Less educated patients asked significantly more practical questions than higher educated patients.ConclusionContrary to our expectations, patients’ question-asking has decreased in 2016 compared to 2007, while the average consultation length has increased. The type of questions shifted from medical to practical, especially in less educated patients. It seems that GPs’ professional role has expanded over time, since patients nowadays ask their GP more non-medical questions.Practice implicationsGPs probably could continue facilitating patient involvement by more frequently using partnership-building and supportive communication.     

Bayesian leveraging of historical control data for a clinical trial with time-to-event endpoint

The recent 21st Century Cures Act propagates innovations to accelerate the discovery, development, and delivery of 21st century cures. It includes the broader application of Bayesian statistics and the use of evidence from clinical expertise. An example of the latter is the use of trial-external (or historical) data, which promises more efficient or ethical trial designs. We propose a Bayesian meta-analytic approach to leverage historical data for time-to-event endpoints, which are common in oncology and cardiovascular diseases. The approach is based on a robust hierarchical model for piecewise exponential data. It allows for various degrees of between trial-heterogeneity and for leveraging individual as well as aggregate data. An ovarian carcinoma trial and a non-small cell cancer trial illustrate methodological and practical aspects of leveraging historical data for the analysis and design of time-to-event trials.     

百合地黄汤的历史沿革研究

目的：系统梳理古代文献中有关百合地黄汤的条文，以期了解百合地黄汤的历史沿革和方义演变，为其成药开发提供文献学支持，为经典名方的现代研究提供理论依据。方法：在古籍数据库中以“百合地黄汤”为主题词进行检索，摘录记载了百合地黄汤的方、药、量、制、治、论等信息的古籍条文，筛选符合纳入标准的古籍和条文，提取朝代、书名、作者、举句、剂量、煎服法、方解、证型等关键信息，并进行文献分析，以了解百合地黄汤的组成、药材基原、炮制、剂量、功能主治、煎煮法和注意事项等方面的历史沿革及方义演变情况。结果：最终纳入古籍101本，共计165条。百合地黄汤首见于汉代张仲景《金匮要略方论》，由百合和地黄两味药组成，用于治疗百合病。随后唐代孙思邈在《备急千金要方》中载录了本方，并增加生地黄汁至两升。宋及宋之后，因度量衡制度的改变，百合地黄汤在药物剂量方面出现了较大变化，此外宋代在炮制和服用量上略有变化。明代在地黄炮制上略有变化，明清代文献多为注释、方解，重在阐述百合地黄汤的病因病机。结论：百合地黄汤首见于汉代，历代古籍均有记载，源远流长，但其历代变化不多，以药物剂量方面变化最为显著。     

基于新制度主义视角的药品集中招标采购制度研究

目的：为完善我国药品招标采购政策提供参考。方法：分析相关文献和数据,并基于新制度主义视角,从制度的合法性、路径依赖以及权力与利益的博弈三个方面,分析我国药品招标采购制度运行过程中出现问题的原因。结果与结论：我国药品招标采购制度实施过程中存在招标评价指标不合理,药品质量难以保障;招标采购分离、量价不挂钩;医疗机构回款较慢等问题。建议均衡各个利益集团的利益,完善医疗机构补偿机制,优化综合招标评价体系,落实招标采购合一、带量采购,规范政府在招标采购制度中的现代施政原则。     

1000 trasplantes hepáticos consecutivos. Análisis descriptivo y evolución de un centro

Between 1991 and 2013, 1,000 liver transplantations were performed at Virgen del Rocio Hospital (Seville, Spain). A retrospective study was conducted, analyzing the characteristics of recipients and donors, indications, surgical technique, complications and survival in 2 different stages (1991-2002 vs. 2003-2013) coinciding with the implementation of the MELD scale as a prioritization model. The most frequent indication were of hepatopathy of hepatocellular origin in 48.8%. There was a significant increase in the indications for hepatocarcinoma (8.6% and 24.1% P = 0.03), and the rate of retransplantation (5.9% vs 9.6%, P = 0.04). There was a change in the age of donation, going from 27.7 years in 1990 to 62.9 years in 2012 (P = 0.001). The percentage of patients who did not require blood transfusion doubled (6.16 vs. 14.31%, P = .001). Survival of all patients after one, 5 and 10 years was 77, 63.5 and 51.3%, respectively.     

大建中汤临床应用

大建中汤临床应用广泛,所治疗的腹痛一般病势较重,病情较急,加上患者素体又虚,需要及时服药。现代大建中汤多用于改善术后肠梗阻样症状。住院患者术后用大建中汤治疗宜早期给药,而中药汤剂煎煮需要一定的时间,所以需要利用现代多学科方法改变大建中汤剂型,使其服用更加方便。