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目的 分析重庆市肺癌发病死亡和疾病负担归因于被动吸烟的情况,为开展肺癌防治提供建议。 方法 肺癌死亡个案数据来源于2019年重庆市肿瘤登记报告系统,被动吸烟率来自2013年重庆市慢性病及危险因素监测。计算人群归因危险度百分比(population attributable risk percent, PAR%)、被动吸烟导致的肺癌发病、死亡和疾病负担。采用Excel 2010与SPSS 25.0进行统计分析,率的比较采用χ2检验。 结果 2013年30岁及以上成年人被动吸烟率为52.37%。2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群肺癌发病率与标化发病率分别为118.44/10万与80.83/10万,死亡率与标化死亡率分别为96.51/10万、63.58/10万。肺癌发病率和死亡率归因于被动吸烟的PAR%分别为19.76和19.04,归因发病率与归因标化发病率分别为23.41/10万和16.34/10万,归因死亡率与归因标化死亡率分别为18.38/10万和12.40/10万。2019年重庆市30岁及以上肺癌早死所致寿命损失年率(years of life lost,YLL)、残疾所致寿命损失年率(years lived with disability,YLD)、调整伤残寿命损失年率(disability adjusted life year,DALY)分别为21.16‰、0.31‰、21.47‰,YLL率、YLD率、DALY率归因于被动吸烟的PAR%分别为21.16、19.76和20.49,归因YLL率为4.34‰,归因YLD率为0.06‰,归因DALY率为4.40‰。 结论 2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群肺癌发病率、死亡率、YLL率、DALY率高,被动吸烟率高,肺癌归因于被动吸烟的疾病负担重,应加强落实控烟工作。  相似文献   
3.
ObjectivesSeveral implementation strategies can reduce potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) prescribing. Although use of PIMs has declined in recent years, it remains prevalent. Various strategies exist to improve the appropriateness of medication use. However, little is known about the processes of these different implementation strategies. This scoping review aims to investigate how the process evaluation of implementation strategies for reducing PIM prescribing in the older population has been studied.MethodsWe searched for process evaluations of implementation strategies for reducing PIM prescribing in PUBMED, SCOPUS and Web of Science published between January 2000 and November 2019 in English. We applied the following inclusion criteria: patients aged ≥65 years, validated PIM criteria, and implementation process evaluated. The review focuses on decision support for health care professionals. We described the findings of the process evaluations, and compared the authors’ concepts of process evaluation of the included publications to those of Proctor et al.( 2010).ResultOf 9131 publications screened, 29 met our inclusion criteria. Different process evaluation conceptualizations were identified. Most process evaluations took place in the initial stages of the process (acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, and feasibility) and sustainability and implementation costs were seldom evaluated. None of the included publications evaluated fidelity.Multifaceted interventions were the most studied implementation strategies. Medication review was more common in acceptability evaluations, multidisciplinary interventions in adoption evaluations, and computerized systems and educational interventions in feasibility evaluations. Process evaluations were studied from the health care professionals’ viewpoint in most of the included publications, but the management viewpoint was missing.DiscussionThe conceptualization of process evaluation in the field of PIM prescribing is indeterminate. There is also a current gap in the knowledge of sustainability and implementation costs. Clarifying the conceptualization of implementation process evaluation is essential in order to effectively translate research knowledge into practice.  相似文献   
4.
背景 为加强农村地区卫生人才队伍建设,我国于2010年开始实施农村订单定向医学生培养项目。2015年,国家要求订单定向毕业生在毕业后须参加为期3年的住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)。 目的 了解订单定向毕业生参加住培情况,分析住培对执业医师资格考试通过率的影响,探究住培对订单定向毕业生培养和农村基层卫生人力的意义,为订单定向毕业生的高质量培养提供政策建议。 方法 2015年开始,在我国中西部3个省份共抽取4所承担订单定向培养项目的高校,建立订单定向毕业生队列,并按照班级1∶1选取同年毕业的普通临床毕业生作为对照,每年进行追踪随访。利用描述性分析展示订单定向毕业生参加住培的情况、执业医师资格考试通过率,并与普通临床毕业生比较。采用Cox回归分析参加住培对执业医师资格考试通过率的影响。 结果 2015—2019届订单定向毕业生中分别有86.69%(228/263)、86.78%(361/416)、87.79%(381/434)、91.08%(388/426)、94.43%(356/377)表示毕业后愿意参加住培,同届普通临床毕业生毕业后愿意参加住培的比例分别为72.20%(200/277)、58.75%(151/257)、70.42%(169/240)、73.23%(145/198)、61.03%(83/136);2015—2019届订单定向毕业生实际参加住培的比例分别为99.02%(202/204)、97.10%(301/310)、94.99%(322/339)、89.91%(285/317)、69.45%(241/347),同届普通临床生的参加比例分别为67.57%(100/148)、66.12%(80/121)、74.79%(89/119)、43.33%(39/90)、34.62%(27/78)。2015—2017届订单定向毕业生执业医师资格考试通过率达到99.23%(259/261)、94.86%(351/370)、91.74%(311/339),同届普通临床生的通过率分别为97.74%(173/177)、95.87%(116/121)、88.24%(105/119)。Cox回归结果显示,校正人口学变量、家庭经济状况、学医意愿、医学教育情况、参加住培相关因素后,参加住培组通过执业医师资格考试的概率是未参加住培组的1.23倍〔95%CI(1.02,1.49),P=0.031〕。 结论 订单定向毕业生住培参加意愿、住培参加比例、执业医师资格考试通过率均较高。参加住培能提高医学毕业生的能力,对通过执业医师资格考试有促进作用。  相似文献   
5.
李冬  金鎏  雒香茹  范广俊  王蕊 《中国医院药学杂志》2022,42(12):1264-1266,1275
目的: 建立替加环素在危重症患者中的群体药动学模型,探究该类人群中影响替加环素药动学的因素。方法: 收集静脉使用替加环素的危重症患者的血样,使用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定替加环素的血药浓度。利用NONMEM软件估算替加环素的药动学参数,通过向前纳入法和逆向剔除法建立替加环素群体药动学模型,并对该模型进行验证和评价。结果: 收集54名患者的143个血药浓度建立替加环素的群体药动学模型,静脉给药的一室模型较好地描述替加环素的药动学特征,替加环素的清除率(CL)、表观分布容积(Vd)的群体典型值分别为11.3 L·h-1和105 L,患者的APACHE Ⅱ评分和年龄对模型有显著影响。结论: 建立的替加环素群体药动学模型预测性能稳定良好,APACHE Ⅱ评分影响替加环素CL,年龄影响替加环素Vd,可为临床替加环素在危重症患者中的个体化给药提供参考。  相似文献   
6.
目的 评估健康教育对老一代流动人口健康的影响,为提升老一代流动人口健康水平提供建议。方法 基于全国流动人口动态监测调查2018年数据,运用Probit模型和倾向得分匹配方法,分析健康教育对老一代流动人口健康的影响;通过中介效应中的逐步回归法和KHB分解法探究健康教育影响老一代流动人口健康状况的作用机理。结果 Probit模型显示,健康教育对老一代流动人口健康状况有一定促进作用(β = 0.017,95%CI:0.012~0.021);纠正模型中的内生性问题后,接受健康教育能够使老一代流动人口自评健康状况向好的概率增加2.2%~2.3%(P<0.001);异质性分析发现健康教育对于60岁及以上和低收入的老一代流动人口健康水平的提升效果更为明显;健康教育可以显著提高老一代流动人口的健康意识。结论 健康教育既能直接促进老一代流动人口健康状况,又可以通过健康意识间接促进其健康状况;提升老一代流动人口健康水平需从扩大老一代流动人口健康教育的覆盖面,加大对老一代流动人口中健康弱势群体健康教育的普及力度以及引导老一代流动人口树立良好的健康意识三方面入手。  相似文献   
7.
BackgroundTinnitus is a sound precepted without an external sound stimulus. Its background can be categorised into primary and secondary cases. The secondary cases include pathologies of the external, middle and inner ear. Tinnitus can be objective or subjective; the latter can only identified by the sufferer. Previous research results have shown that tinnitus significantly affects the quality of life and daily functioning.ObjectivesTo analyse the impact of tinnitus on the daily functioning and the possible influence of demographical data and tinnitus duration on it.Methods630 patients (265 males and 365 females, 25–85 years of age) suffering from primary tinnitus were enrolled. In the Hungarian language, these patients completed the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) questionnaire and underwent a complete otorhinolaryngological examination. IBM SPSS V24 software was used for data processing; correlation tests, the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests were used.ResultsAccording to the THI questionnaires outcomes, most patients (62.5%) were presented with a mild handicap. Based on statistical analysis, no significant correlation was observed between the total THI points and the age of the patients, along with the duration and localisation of the symptoms. However, the total THI scores of male and female patients significantly differed, indicating higher THI values in the female group (p = 0.000521).ConclusionsThe tinnitus severity was not affected by the duration, localisation of the symptoms and age but by gender, indicating higher values in the case of females.  相似文献   
8.

Objective

To collaboratively implement the age-friendly health systems framework, known as the 4Ms: What Matters, Medication, Mentation, and Mobility, at The Primary Health Network (PHN), a federally qualified health center.

Data Sources

Data were collected from PHN electronic medical records (EMRs) for individuals over age 65 from December 30, 2019 to December 24, 2021 and from Project ECHO© attendance and evaluation surveys.

Study Design

The telementoring educational program, Project ECHO©, was used to engage PHN health care professionals working in rural areas of Pennsylvania to incorporate the 4Ms into their practice starting with the annual wellness visit (AWV). Project ECHO© was launched at three primary care sites. After 18 months, it was then disseminated to an additional 18 sites creating pilot and comparison groups. Outcomes included codesigned patient process metrics using EMR data and project ECHO© participant data.

Data Collection Methods

EMR data were generated by system reports created by PHN's quality assurance program manager. Project ECHO© data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools. Outcomes were aggregated, analyzed for trends over time, and compared between groups.

Principal Findings

All nine process outcomes increased from baseline to follow-up at the three initial sites, ranging from 4% to 43% g. At year two, the three initial sites had higher rates on AWVs (pilot 24%, comparison 12%; p < 0.0001), Advance Care Planning (New on file, pilot 8%, comparison 2%; Discussed with patient, pilot 18%, comparison 13%; Patient declined, pilot 0%, comparison 0%; p = 0.0001), Dementia Screening (pilot 24%, comparison 12%; p < 0.0001), Fall Risk Management (pilot 43%, comparison 10%; p < 0.0001), and Mobility Goal (pilot 19%, comparison 9%; p < 0.0001); and lower rates on High-Risk Medication Elimination (pilot 54%, comparison, 63%, p < 0.02).

Conclusions

Access to high-quality geriatric care for rural older adults can be improved by increasing health care professionals' knowledge of the 4Ms, beginning with its incorporation into the AWV.  相似文献   
9.
Human auditory ossicles, the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, are located in the tympanic cavity in the temporal bone and through forming a chain for the sound transmission from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea, they play an important role in the hearing process. Despite their clinical, phylogenetic, and evolutionary significance, the morphometry of the human ear bones has not been examined systematically. The ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the human skeleton, attaining their final size and morphology already at birth. Initially, they have been found to exhibit minimal morphometric variation, but further studies brought the opposite results. The aim of this study was to examine the morphometric variation of human auditory ossicles recovered from medieval and postmedieval subadult skeletons from Poland, Central Europe. The analysis involved in a total of 166 ear bones. Their measurements were performed on microscopic images using CorelDraw x4, according to a protocol of Quam and Rak with modification of Flohr et al. and Wadhwa et al. Our study showed a significant metric variation in the measurements taken at areas of the greatest morphological variability of the ossicles. We found that greater linear dimensions were associated with lower values of angular measurements. These results reveal the inherent variation found in these supposed functionally constrained structures. Representation of even greater number of populations, time periods, and developmental stages are needed. Further study will expand our understanding of the global scope of variation found in ear ossicular morphology and its functional implications for paleoanthropology.  相似文献   
10.
《Value in health》2022,25(7):1218-1226
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop the Indian 5-level version EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) value set, which is a key input in health technology assessment for resource allocation in healthcare.MethodsA cross-sectional survey using the EuroQol Group’s Valuation Technology was undertaken in a representative sample of 3548 adult respondents, selected from 5 different states of India using a multistage stratified random sampling technique. The participants were interviewed using a computer-assisted personal interviewing technique. This study adopted a novel extended EuroQol Group’s Valuation Technology design that included 18 blocks of 10 composite time trade-off (c-TTO) tasks, comprising 150 unique health states, and 36 blocks of 7 discrete choice experiment (DCE) tasks, comprising 252 DCE pairs. Different models were explored for their predictive performance. Hybrid modeling approach using both c-TTO and DCE data was used to estimate the value set.ResultsA total of 2409 interviews were included in the analysis. The hybrid heteroscedastic model with censoring at ?1 combining c-TTO and DCE data yielded the most consistent results and was used for the generation of the value set. The predicted values for all 3125 health states ranged from ?0.923 to 1. The preference values were most affected by the pain/discomfort dimension.ConclusionsThis is the largest EQ-5D-5L valuation study conducted so far in the world. The Indian EQ-5D-5L value set will promote the effective conduct of health technology assessment studies in India, thereby generating credible evidence for efficient resource use in healthcare.  相似文献   
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