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1.
Two experiments were conducted employing derived relational responding and conditioned motivating operations to establish untaught mands with 11 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who lacked a vocal repertoire. Following formal language assessments and preference assessments, a multi-stage automated protocol was implemented on touchscreen tablet computers. Children were first taught to mand by picture exchange for missing items necessary to play with a toy and then learned to conditionally relate the dictated names of the items to the corresponding pictures of the items (A-B training) and to relate the dictated names to the corresponding printed words (A-C training). Test probes, in the absence of reinforcement, were presented to determine whether or not participants would mand for the missing items using text exchange (hence demonstrating derived manding/requesting). Probes for spontaneous matching (B-C and C-B) and labeling (B-A and C-A) were also presented in both experiments, one of which employed a pretest/posttest design and the other a multiple probe across participants design. Across both experiments, all but one of the participants showed evidence of derived requesting and derived stimulus relations. Implications for research on high-tech devices for facilitating independent communication skills of children with ASD and for derived relational responding approaches to verbal operants are discussed.  相似文献   
2.
量表具有测量等价性,是进行组间差异及跨文化研究比较的前提条件.随着心理测量学及统计学的发展,传统的信效度分析已不能满足潜变量测量等价性的要求.本文结合护理研究量表引进及跨文化应用的研究背景,在介绍测量等价性的概念及意义基础上,重点阐述测量等价性的检验流程及在护理相关领域的应用,为护理领域量表的严格引进及应用推广提供借鉴和参考,促进护理学跨文化研究的合作与发展.  相似文献   
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Currently, methods for evaluation of equivalence under a matched-pair design use either difference in proportions or relative risk as measures of risk association. However, these measures of association are only for cross-sectional studies or prospective investigations, such as clinical trials and they cannot be applied to retrospective research such as case-control studies. As a result, under a matched-pair design, we propose the use of the conditional odds ratio for assessment of equivalence in both prospective and retrospective research. We suggest the use of the asymptotic confidence interval of the conditional odds ratio for evaluation of equivalence. In addition, a score test based on the restricted maximum likelihood estimator (RMLE) is derived to test the hypothesis of equivalence under a matched-pair design. On the other hand, a sample size formula is also provided. A simulation study was conducted to empirically investigate the size and power of the proposed procedures. Simulation results show that the score test not only adequately controls the Type I error but it can also provide sufficient power. A numerical example illustrates the proposed methods.  相似文献   
5.
In this article, the use of statistical equivalence testing for providing evidence of process comparability in an accelerated stability study is advocated over the use of a test of differences. The objective of such a study is to demonstrate comparability by showing that the stability profiles under nonrecommended storage conditions of two processes are equivalent. Because it is difficult at accelerated conditions to find a direct link to product specifications, and hence product safety and efficacy, an equivalence acceptance criterion is proposed that is based on the statistical concept of effect size. As with all statistical tests of equivalence, it is important to collect input from appropriate subject-matter experts when defining the acceptance criterion.  相似文献   
6.
In pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic 3×3 crossover trials, average bioequivalence and noninferiority between treatments need to be only assessed pairwise in most cases. Due to the restricted number of subjects in such trials, normal distribution assumptions cannot be checked and frequently outliers are encountered, so that a nonparametric approach is more adequate. Therefore, to assess average bioequivalence or noninferiority, a new method is proposed to derive period adjusted nonparametric confidence intervals for pairwise treatment differences.  相似文献   
7.
In medical device clinical studies, including therapeutic device and in vitro test assay method studies, the investigator is frequently interested in demonstrating the equivalence of clinical response, generally in continuous measurements, between a standard assay method and a new assay method over various occasions or times. The new assay method may be less invasive or more convenient or cheaper to use than the standard assay method. In this paper, several statistical approaches are discussed, including various repeated-measure regression models, the simultaneous 95% confidence interval for paired mean differences derived from Hotelling's multivariate T 2 analysis for repeated-measure, paired data, repeatability and reproducibility studies, and concordance correlation coefficient.

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8.
Hooten WM  Qu W  Townsend CO  Judd JW 《Pain》2012,153(4):915-923
Strength training and aerobic exercise have beneficial effects on pain in adults with fibromyalgia. However, the equivalence of strengthening and aerobic exercise has not been reported. The primary aim of this randomized equivalence trial involving patients with fibromyalgia admitted to an interdisciplinary pain treatment program was to test the hypothesis that strengthening (n=36) and aerobic (n=36) exercise have equivalent effects (95% confidence interval within an equivalence margin ± 8) on pain, as measured by the pain severity subscale of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Secondary aims included determining the effects of strengthening and aerobic exercise on peak Vo(2) uptake, leg strength, and pressure pain thresholds. In an intent-to-treat analysis, the mean (± standard deviation) pain severity scores for the strength and aerobic groups at study completion were 34.4 ± 11.5 and 37.6 ± 11.9, respectively. The group difference was -3.2 (95% confidence interval, -8.7 to 2.3), which was within the equivalence margin of Δ8. Significant improvements in pain severity (P<.001), peak Vo(2) (P<.001), strength (P<.001), and pain thresholds (P<.001) were observed from baseline to week 3 in the intent-to-treat analysis; however, patients in the aerobic group (mean change 2.0 ± 2.6 mL/kg/min) experienced greater gains (P<.013) in peak Vo(2) compared to the strength group (mean change 0.4 ± 2.6 mL/kg/min). Knowledge of the equivalence and physiological effects of exercise have important clinical implications that could allow practitioners to target exercise recommendations on the basis of comorbid medical conditions or patient preference for a particular type of exercise. This study found that strength and aerobic exercise had equivalent effects on reducing pain severity among patients with fibromyalgia.  相似文献   
9.
Background contextThoracolumbar burst fractures have good outcomes when treated with early ambulation and orthosis (TLSO). If equally good outcomes could be achieved with early ambulation and no brace, resource utilization would be decreased, especially in developing countries where prolonged bed rest is the default option because bracing is not available or affordable.PurposeTo determine whether TLSO is equivalent to no orthosis (NO) in the treatment of acute AO Type A3 thoracolumbar burst fractures with respect to their functional outcome at 3 months.Study designA multicentre, randomized, nonblinded equivalence trial involving three Canadian tertiary spine centers. Enrollment began in 2002 and 2-year follow-up was completed in 2011.Patient sampleInclusion criteria included AO-A3 burst fractures between T11 and L3, skeletally mature and older than 60 years, 72 hours from their injury, kyphotic deformity lower than 35°, no neurologic deficit. One hundred ten patients were assessed for eligibility for the study; 14 patients were not recruited because they resided outside the country (3), refused participation (8), or were not consented before independent ambulation (3).Outcome measuresRoland Morris Disability Questionnaire score (RMDQ) assessed at 3 months postinjury. The equivalence margin was set at δ=5 points.MethodsThe NO group was encouraged to ambulate immediately with bending restrictions for 8 weeks. The TLSO group ambulated when the brace was available and weaned from the brace after 8 to 10 weeks. The following competitive grants supported this work: VHHSC Interdisciplinary Research Grant, Zimmer/University of British Columbia Research Fund, and Hip Hip Hooray Research Grant. Aspen Medical provided the TLSOs used in this study. The authors have no financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence this work.ResultsForty-seven patients were enrolled into the TLSO group and 49 patients into the NO group. Forty-six participants per group were available for the primary outcome. The RMDQ score at 3 months postinjury was 6.8±5.4 (standard deviation [SD]) for the TLSO group and 7.7±6.0 (SD) in the NO group. The 95% confidence interval (?1.5 to 3.2) was within the predetermined margin of equivalence. Six patients required surgical stabilization, five of them before initial discharge.ConclusionsTreating these fractures using early ambulation without a brace avoids the cost and patient deconditioning associated with a brace and complications and costs associated with long-term bed rest if a TLSO or body cast is not available.  相似文献   
10.
A comparison of the pharmacodynamic effects of two source plants of Murrayae Folium et Cacumen (MFC), Murraya exotica L. and Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, was performed in order to supply reference for its multi-source rationality and interchangeability in clinical practice. According to the traditional efficacy of MFC, the effects of promoting Qi, relieving pain, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis were systematically evaluated by the models of writhing response in mice, foot swelling in rats, gastric emptying and small intestine propulsion in mice, and acute blood stasis in rats, respectively. The results showed that both M. exotica and M. paniculata could significantly inhibit the writhing reaction induced by acetic acid in mice and the paw swelling induced by carrageenan in rats, reduce IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2 levels in plasma of paw-swelling rats and increase gastric empty rate and intestinal propulsive rate. The above-mentioned effects were dose-dependent, and there was no significant difference between M. exotica and M. paniculata at the same doses. Therefore, M. exotica and M. paniculata had the similar anti-inflammatory, analgesic and gastrointestinal motility promotion effects, which provided a support for the pharmacodynamic equivalence of the multi-source plants of MFC.  相似文献   
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