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1.
Tympanic membranes (TM) that have healed spontaneously after perforation present abnormalities in their structural and mechanical properties; i.e., they are thickened and abnormally dense. These changes result in a deterioration of middle ear (ME) sound transmission, which is clinically presented as a conductive hearing loss (CHL). To fully understand the ME sound transmission under TM pathological conditions, we created a gerbil model with a controlled 50% pars tensa perforation, which was left to heal spontaneously for up to 4 weeks (TM perforations had fully sealed after 2 weeks). After the recovery period, the ME sound transmission, both in the forward and reverse directions, was directly measured with two-tone stimulation. Measurements were performed at the input, the ossicular chain, and output of the ME system, i.e., at the TM, umbo, and scala vestibuli (SV) next to the stapes. We found that variations in ME transmission in forward and reverse directions were not symmetric. In the forward direction, the ME pressure gain decreased in a frequency-dependent manner, with smaller loss (within 10 dB) at low frequencies and more dramatic loss at high frequency regions. The loss pattern was mainly from the less efficient acoustical to mechanical coupling between the TM and umbo, with little changes along the ossicular chain. In the reverse direction, the variations in these ears are relatively smaller. Our results provide detailed functional observations that explain CHL seen in clinical patients with abnormal TM, e.g., caused by otitis media, that have healed spontaneously after perforation or post-tympanoplasty, especially at high frequencies. In addition, our data demonstrate that changes in distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) result from altered ME transmission in both the forward and reverse direction by a reduction of the effective stimulus levels and less efficient transfer of DPs from the ME into the ear canal. This confirms that DPOAEs can be used to assess both the health of the cochlea and the middle ear.  相似文献   
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In this paper, we argue that understanding and addressing the problem of poor-quality medical products requires a more interdisciplinary approach than has been evident to date. While prospective studies based on rigorous standardized methodologies are the gold standard for measuring the prevalence of poor-quality medical products and understanding their distribution nationally and internationally, they should be complemented by social science research to unpack the complex set of social, economic, and governance factors that underlie these patterns. In the following sections, we discuss specific examples of prospective quality surveys and of social science studies, highlighting the value of cross-sector partnerships in driving high-quality, policy-relevant research in this area.  相似文献   
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ObjectiveAeromonas has recently been recognized as an emerging human pathogen. Aeromonas-associated diarrhea is a phenomenon occurring worldwide. This study was designed to determine the prevalence, genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenicity of Aeromonas strains isolated from food products in Shanghai.MethodsAeromonas isolates (n = 79) collected from food samples were analyzed using concatenated gyrB-cpn60 sequencing. The antibiotic resistance of these isolates was determined using antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Pathogenicity was assessed using β-hemolytic, extracellular protease, virulence gene detection, C. elegans liquid toxicity (LT), and cytotoxicity assays.ResultsEight different species were identified among the 79 isolates. The most prevalent Aeromonas species were A. veronii [62 (78.5%)], A. caviae [6 (7.6%)], A. dhakensis [3 (3.8%)], and A. salmonicida [3 (3.8%)]. The Aeromonas isolates were divided into 73 sequence types (STs), of which 65 were novel. The isolates were hemolytic (45.6%) and protease-positive (81.0%). The most prevalent virulence genes were act (73.4%), fla (69.6%), aexT (36.7%), and ascV (30.4%). The results of C. elegans LT and cytotoxicity assays revealed that A. dhakensis and A. hydrophila were more virulent than A. veronii, A. caviae, and A. bivalvium. Antibiotic resistance genes [tetE, blaTEM, tetA, qnrS, aac(6)-Ib, mcr-1, and mcr-3] were detected in the isolates. The multidrug-resistance rate of the Aeromonas isolates was 11.4%, and 93.7% of the Aeromonas isolates were resistant to cefazolin.ConclusionThe taxonomy, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenicity of different Aeromonas species varied. The Aeromonas isolates A. dhakensis and A. hydrophila were highly pathogenic, indicating that food-derived Aeromonas isolates are potential risks for public health and food safety. The monitoring of food quality and safety will result in better prevention and treatment strategies to control diarrhea illnesses in China.  相似文献   
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《Drug discovery today》2022,27(1):280-291
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an extensively used nuclear functional imaging technique, especially for central nervous system (CNS) and oncological disorders. Currently, drug development is a lengthy and costly pursuit. Imaging with PET radiotracers could be an effective way to hasten drug discovery and advancement, because it facilitates the monitoring of key facets, such as receptor occupancy quantification, drug biodistribution, pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses, validation of target engagement, treatment monitoring, and measurement of neurotransmitter concentrations. These parameters demand careful analyses for the robust appraisal of newly formulated drugs during preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the usage of PET imaging in radiopharmaceutical development; drug development approaches with PET imaging; and PET developments in oncological and cardiac drug discovery.  相似文献   
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We propose a computational model to study the growth and spread of bacterial biofilms on interfaces, as well as the action of antibiotics on them. Bacterial membranes are represented by boundaries immersed in a fluid matrix and subject to interaction forces. Growth, division and death of bacterial cells follow dynamic energy budget rules, in response to variations in environmental concentrations of nutrients, toxicants and substances released by the cells. In this way, we create, destroy and enlarge boundaries, either spherical or rod-like. Appropriate forces represent details of the interaction between cells, and the interaction with the environment. We can investigate geometrical arrangements and the formation of porous structures. Numerical simulations illustrate the evolution of top views and diametral slices of small biofilm seeds, as well as the action of antibiotics. We show that cocktails of antibiotics targeting active and dormant cells can entirely eradicate a biofilm.  相似文献   
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[摘要] 目的 了解开封地区无偿献血人群HIV感染状况和流行特征,为献血招募、降低输血途径传播HIV及确保临床用血安全提供依据。方法 采用2种不同厂家ELISA试剂和核酸试剂对2013—2020年间539 015例献血者标本进行HIV初筛,结果呈阳性者送开封市疾病预防控制中心确证实验室确证。分析和比较不同特征献血人群HIV感染状况和流行特征。结果 539 015例献血者标本中,HIV初筛阳性120例(2.23/万),经确证HIV阳性53例(0.98/万)。2013—2020年男性献血者HIV阳性率和献血者HIV总阳性率均呈下降趋势。确证后标本HIV阳性率男性(1.34/万)高于女性(0.39/万),首次献血(3.17/万)高于重复献血(0.38/万),全血(1.05/万)高于单采血小板(0.22/万),外地户籍(2.39/万)高于本市户籍(0.91/万),差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。26~35岁(1.52/万)HIV阳性率高于其他年龄段,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。53例HIV阳性献血者中,单纯HIV阳性41例(77.36%),HIV合并其他病原体感染者12例(22.64%)。结论 2013年以来开封地区献血人群HIV阳性率呈下降趋势,HIV感染者主要发生于青年男性、捐献全血、首次献血、低学历、公司职员及外地户籍献血人群。加强献血前征询及建立低危/稳定的献血队伍可降低/避免输血传播HIV风险。  相似文献   
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微创开髓(conservative endodontic access cavity,CEC)是微创根管治疗术的第一步,经CEC治疗后的患牙较大程度保留了牙尖嵴和颈周牙本质等牙体硬组织,对于减少患牙的牙体流失及增强远期疗效具有重要意义。CEC存在多种入路方式及相应的洞型。确定髓腔入路的方法包括X线片定位法、显微CT/锥形束CT定位法以及数字化导板定位法。其中,X线片、显微CT/锥形束CT定位法操作简便,临床较为常用;而较为复杂的根管系统,利用数字化导板可建立更精准的开髓通路,减少牙体硬组织不必要的丧失,但数字化导板定位价格较高,临床上并未得到广泛的应用。CEC的洞型包括微创开髓洞型、超保守微创开髓洞型、“Truss”洞型以及切端洞型。CEC洞型与传统开髓洞型的应力分析目前以万能力学试验机加载离体牙、有限元分析法及临床观察为主,大多数学者的研究显示保留较多牙体组织的CEC可提高牙齿的抗折强度,但二者之间的抗折能力仍存在争议,在达到牙髓治疗目的与最大限度保留牙体结构之间如何达到平衡,仍需进一步的探索。  相似文献   
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