饮用水水源地水中总铀浓度监测结果分析

目的 调查各种类型饮用水水源地水样中的总铀含量，分析饮用水水源地水体中总铀浓度、摄入量及其所致年待积有效剂量，为辐射环境安全监管提供科学依据。方法 通过现场采样，采用激光荧光法分析水中铀浓度，统计2010—2018年饮用水水源地水样总铀含量，计算年摄入量和年待积有效剂量。结果 监测分析结果显示，2010—2018年饮用水水源地水中总铀浓度为0.09～4.50 μg/L，所致公众总铀年摄入量儿童和成人的最大值分别为62.58 Bq、125.16 Bq，对应的年待积有效剂量分别为4.63 μSv、6.13 μSv，符合公众年待积有效剂量限值要求。结论 近岸海水的总铀浓度相对较高，湖库水和地下水的总铀含量较低且保持稳定，近海口的地表水总铀浓度有时偏高，可能是受潮汐影响。考虑公众影响，应制定铀元素的浓度限值标准。     

Modeling the hepatitis A epidemiological transition in Thailand

BackgroundIn most low- and middle-income countries, hepatitis A virus (HAV) is shifting or expected to shift from high endemicity to intermediate or low endemicity. A decreased risk of HAV infection will cause an increase in the average age at infection and will therefore increase the proportion of infections that results in severe disease. Mathematical models can provide insights into the factors contributing to this epidemiological transition.MethodsAn MSLIR compartmental dynamic transmission model stratified by age and setting (rural and urban) was developed and calibrated with demographic, environmental, and epidemiological data from Thailand. HAV transmission was modeled as a function of urbanization and access to clean drinking water. The model was used to project various epidemiological measures.ResultsThe age at midpoint of population immunity remains considerably younger in rural areas than in urban areas. The mean age of symptomatic hepatitis A infection in Thailand has shifted from childhood toward early adulthood in rural areas and is transitioning from early adulthood toward middle adulthood in urban areas. The model showed a significant decrease in incidence rates of total and symptomatic infections in rural and urban settings in Thailand over the past several decades as water access has increased, although the overall incidence rate of symptomatic HAV is projected to slightly increase in the coming decades.ConclusionsModeling the relationship between water, urbanization, and HAV endemicity is a novel approach in the estimation of HAV epidemiological trends and future projections. This approach provides insights about the shifting HAV epidemiology and could be used to evaluate the public health impact of vaccination and other interventions in a diversity of settings.     

How current risk assessment and risk management methods for drinking water in The Netherlands cover the WHO water safety plan approach

In the Netherlands, safe and sufficient drinking water is provided to the general population by ten drinking water companies. To guarantee safe drinking water the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a Water Safety Plan (WSP), a Risk Assessment and a Risk Management (RA/RM) framework. The objective of the study was to identify legally required RA approaches, to document application of RA/RM activities at Dutch drinking water companies and to determine to what extent these RA/RM activities as a whole cover all the elements of the WHO WSP approach. This study could be of interest to both managers of large water utilities and decision makers.The assessment was performed by means of a policy review and interviews with two to four staff members involved in RA/RM from all ten Dutch drinking water companies combined with a joint workshop. The drinking water companies are well aware of the potential hazards and risks that can influence the drinking water quality. To guarantee the supply of safe and sufficient drinking water, the Dutch drinking water sector uses six different legally required RA/RM approaches. This study shows that by using the six legally required RA/RM approaches, all WSP steps are covered. WSP entails a generic risk assessment for identifying all hazards and hazardous events from source to tap, whereas the six legally required RA/RM each focus on specific risks at an advanced level. Each risk assessment provides information on specific hazards and hazardous events covering a part of the water supply chain. These legal requirements are complemented with additional RA/RM activities at sector and water company level such as codes of practices and standard operating procedures. The outcomes of all RA/RM approaches combined provide information from source to tap. When using multiple RA/RM approaches, it is crucial to share and combine information derived from the different activities.     

Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy and Intended Alcohol Consumption During a Mass-Attended Youth Event

Background: Mass-attended youth events represent a substantial public health challenge due to high levels of alcohol consumption and corresponding high rates of alcohol-related harm. Although previous research has documented the protective effect of high drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) on alcohol consumption in general, there is a lack of research examining the role of DRSE in reducing consumption during mass-attended youth events and the factors associated with DRSE in these contexts. Objectives: This study aimed to identify potentially modifiable factors that influence DRSE and drinking intentions to inform interventions designed to reduce alcohol-related harm during mass-attended events. Methods: Australian secondary school students (n = 586; 70% female) in their final two years of high school completed an online survey assessing their alcohol consumption intentions for Schoolies, their perceived degree of DRSE, and other individual and environmental factors. Path analysis was used to assess a mediational model examining factors associated with DRSE and alcohol consumption intentions. Results: DRSE was found to be significantly associated with intended alcohol consumption during Schoolies. Specifically, leavers who believed they would not be able to refuse others' offers of alcoholic drinks reported significantly greater alcohol consumption intentions. Results also revealed that DRSE was enhanced in those respondents who believed there would be a variety of non-drinking activities and non-alcoholic beverages available to them during Schoolies. Conclusion: Results suggest the need to increase leavers' confidence in their ability to refuse unwanted alcoholic beverages and highlight the importance of providing celebration options that do not involve alcohol consumption.     

2011—2015年江苏省饮水型氟中毒流行病学特征分析

目的了解江苏省饮水型氟中毒病区防治措施的实施进度,动态监测病情变化趋势,综合评价改水等其他因素对病情的影响。方法于2011-2015年,选择江苏省徐州沛县、连云港东海县、宿迁泗洪县3个氟中毒监测县,每个县抽取3个村共9个村做为监测村,采集水样并检测水氟值,按Dean法对全部8~12岁儿童的氟斑牙进行检查。结果 2011-2015年儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为33.68%(194/576),29.43%(176/598),27.26%(190/697),24.26%(163/672),26.84%(222/827),呈下降趋势(χ^2=88.821,P<0.05)。男童、女童的氟斑牙检出率分别为27.51%(631/2 294)和29.18%(314/1 076),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=6.785,P>0.05)。8~12岁儿童的氟斑牙检出率分别为28.57%(148/518),31.54%(211/669),27.91%(187/670),26.97%(192/712),25.84%(207/801),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=16.423,P>0.05)。未改水监测村、改水水氟超标监测村、改水水氟合格监测村氟斑牙检出率分别为36.58%(117/320),52.46%(192/366),23.70%(636/2 684),其中,改水水氟超标监测村儿童的氟斑牙检出率高于未改水监测村和改水水氟合格监测村,差异均有统计学意义(χ^2=26.694、31.469,均P<0.05);而改水水氟合格监测村与未改水监测村儿童的氟斑牙检出率间比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^2=2.131,P>0.05)。结论江苏省饮水型氟中毒总体病情逐步得到控制,改水后水氟超标对儿童氟斑牙影响较大。     

Ingesta de flúor a través del consumo de agua de abastecimiento público en la cohorte INMA-Gipuzkoa

Objective

To estimate fluoride intake through consumption of water from the municipal network in pregnant women and their children from the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort and to compare these intakes with recommended levels. In Euskadi (Spain), fluoridation of drinking water is compulsory in water supplies for more than 30,000 inhabitants.

淄博市生活饮用水中硝酸盐暴露及其健康风险的时空分布特征

目的 对饮用水硝酸盐进行健康风险评估,为水质干预决策提供技术依据。 方法 对2016~2020年淄博市2 575份城乡饮用水样品检测硝酸盐含量,采用我国《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T 777-2021)的环境健康风险评价模型,分析不同年度、不同监测点类型、不同水源、不同处理方式的硝酸盐含量和非致癌健康风险的时空分布特征。 结果 2016~2020年共检测水样2 575份,硝酸盐超标率为10.76%。饮用水硝酸盐含量具有空间聚集性,高值主要集中在沂源县中部和东部、博山区西南部,低值集中在高青县和桓台县。饮用水硝酸盐含量和非致癌健康风险总体呈现逐年升高趋势,农村水高于城区水、地下水高于地表水、未处理水高于处理水。5年总体平均非致癌风险为0.21,对人体产生的非致癌风险较低;最高非致癌风险为1.99,主要集中在沂源县,对人体存在长期暴露的非致癌健康风险。 结论 淄博市局部区域饮用水硝酸盐污染较严重,存在非致癌健康风险,应引起关注并采取水质干预措施。     

2015-2020年呼和浩特市饮用水卫生状况分析

目的 了解呼和浩特市2015-2020年枯水期和丰水期水质卫生现状,为呼和浩特市安全用水提供科学依据。 方法 对2018-2020年枯水期和丰水期监测的饮用水数据进行统计分析,分别进行枯水期和丰水期之间的水质结果对比分析,市区和旗县之间的水质结果对比分析。 结果 枯水期与丰水期水质的合格率差别无统计学意义;呼和浩特市市区的水质合格率高于旗县。结论 2015-2020年呼和浩特市枯水期水质与丰水期水质的卫生状况相同,说明呼和浩特市水质卫生状况在不同水期基本保持稳定。b、六年内监测数据显示,呼和浩特市市区的水质卫生状况优于旗县;主要原因是旗县水样包括农村水,水质卫生状况有待提高,还有部分地区属于高氟地区,水中氟化物超标。c、近六年数据显示,呼和浩特市市区的饮用水不合格项目主要为游离余氯,其次为菌落总数。