Utility of the pictorial Epworth sleepiness scale in the adult down syndrome population

Objective/BackgroundThe utility of the pictorial Epworth sleepiness scale (pESS) has been assessed by only a few studies in a clinical population. Some of its questions may be inappropriate in certain patient groups. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of the pESS in the adult Down syndrome (DS) population in the United Kingdom (UK).Patients/MethodsA modified sleep questionnaire including the pESS was administered to 5430 adults with DS living in the UK. Standard statistical analysis was undertaken.ResultsOf 1105 valid responses (20.35%), the pESS was incomplete in 129 (11.67%) cases. Of the incomplete responses, “Q1. Likelihood of dozing/falling sleep while sitting and reading?” was most frequently missed (63.6% of 129 responses).ConclusionsThe pESS may not be entirely appropriate in certain populations such as those with intellectual disability where literacy levels may be low. Question modification may be necessary.Clinical trial registration numberISRCTN55685305.     

Application of Ultrasound-Guided Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric Nerve Block in Pediatric Same-Day Surgery

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block (IINB) in pediatric patients undergoing same-day inguinal region surgery. Ninety patients aged 4–6 years, ASA levels I–II, were randomly divided into three groups: U, T, or C (n = 30 each). After basic anesthesia, patients in group U underwent ultrasound-guided IINB, those in group T underwent traditional Schulte-Steinberg IINB, and those in group C (controls) received intravenous anesthesia (ketamine-propofol) only. Patients who remained sensitive to intraoperative stimuli received additional intravenous doses of 1 mg/kg ketamine. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and oxygen saturation (SPO₂) were recorded upon entering the operating room (T0), at skin incision (T1), while pulling the hernia sac (T2), during skin closing (T3), and upon awakening (T4) at recovery. HR and MAP at T1, T2, and T4 were higher in group C than those in the other two groups, and recovery time in group C was significantly prolonged (P < 0.05). Group U required significantly lower quantities and frequency of ketamine injection, and pain scores in group U during awakening were lower than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Ultrasound-guided IINB provided an improved nerve block effect and postoperative analgesia, reduced the amount of local anesthetic required, facilitated more rapid postoperative recovery, and was a safe and effective method of anesthesia.     

Narcolepsy in Slovakia – Epidemiology,clinical and polysomnographic features,comorbid diagnoses: a case-control study

ObjectiveAn increase in the incidence of narcolepsy after the pandemic influenza with the H1N1 vaccination in 2009 resulted in an interest in narcolepsy epidemiology. The aim of the study was to examine the incidence and prevalence rates of narcolepsy and to describe the associated characteristics in Slovakia.MethodsEpidemiology data were calculated for each year from 2000 to 2017 based on records found in specialized centres. In sum, 61 narcoleptic patients were diagnosed, of which 51 (84%) had narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). Clinical data and results of polysomnography (PSG), Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-typing, hypocretin (HCRT)-1 levels and body mass index (BMI) were summarised and evaluated for NT1 and narcolepsy type2 (NT2). Later, 244 sex and age matched controls were chosen to evaluate the comorbid diagnoses.ResultsThe prevalence of narcolepsy in 2017 in Slovakia was 10.47 (CI 95% 8.26–14) cases/million inhabitants, and the mean incidence rate (2000–2017) was 0.57 (CI 95% 0.4–0.74) cases/million inhabitants.Narcoleptic patients were comorbid with arterial hypertension (17%), ischemic heart disease (8%), dyslipidaemia (18%), diabetes mellitus type 2 (10%), cardiac arrhythmia/atrial fibrillation (5%), autoimmune disorders (20%), allergy (11%), malignancy (3%), headache (15%) and mental disorders (20%). Patients with narcolepsy showed double the excess prevalence in mental disorders (OR 2.15, p < 0.05), and dyslipidaemia (OR 2.22, p < 0.05). The presence of autoimmune disorders and allergy showed a mild increase in the narcolepsy group (OR 1.46, resp. 1.63). Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) was the most frequent autoimmune disorder.ConclusionsNarcolepsy is a rare disorder in Slovakia. From the phenotype, genetic characteristics and comorbidities the disorder does not vary from other European countries.     

腔内射频消融联合泡沫硬化剂治疗下肢静脉曲张的临床效果评价

目的探讨腔内射频消融联合泡沫硬化剂治疗下肢原发性大隐静脉曲张的临床治疗效果。 方法采用回顾性病例对照研究分析2016年6月至2018年12月东南大学附属徐州医院(徐州市中心医院)血管外科收治的520例原发性大隐静脉曲张患者，其中男性300例，女性220例；年龄30～80岁，平均(60±2)岁。研究组共纳入260例经腔内射频消融联合泡沫硬化剂注射治疗的原发性大隐静脉曲张患者，共320条肢体，所有患者在彩色多普勒超声引导下对大隐静脉主干予以射频消融闭合。同时联合小腿段曲张静脉及交通支点状剥脱和泡沫硬化剂应用进行治疗。同期260例接受传统手术的大隐静脉曲张患者作为对照组。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后早期下床活动时间、住院时间、术后疼痛评分以及隐神经损伤、切口感染、深静脉血栓形成、血肿等并发症的发生率，同时对两组患者进行随访，比较两组术后生活质量、术后6个月和12个月大隐静脉主干闭合情况以及1年下肢静脉曲张复发率。 结果研究组手术时间(30.0±3.6)min比对照组(60.4±5.9)min、出血量(20.3±4.6)mL比对照组出血量(80.0±3.2)mL、术后早期下床活动时间(1.0±0.3)h比对照组(6.3±2.0)h、住院时间(2.0±0.8)d比对照组(7.5±1.2)d、术后疼痛评分(3.2±0.3)分比对照组(5.4±1.2)分以及隐神经损伤率0(0/260)比对照组2.3%(6/260)、切口感染0(0/260)比对照组3.0%(8/260)、深静脉血栓形成率0(0/260)比对照组1.9%(5/260)、大腿段血肿发生率0(0/260)比对照组6.9%(18/260)均低于传统手术组，生活质量评分(56.78±3.21)也较对照组术后(42.23±2.81)明显改善，差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。术后随访结果显示：6个月时，研究组有3例患者大隐静脉主干出现部分血流；12个月时为5例。但血液返流到大腿中段即消失，小腿段未见明显曲张血管。而对照组6个月和12个月时的大隐静脉再通率分别为1.5%(4/260)和1.9%(5/260)，但两组患者术后1年的下肢静脉曲张复发率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论腔内射频消融联合泡沫硬化剂注射对原发性大隐静脉曲张的疗效肯定，短期及中期效果好，为日间手术提供一种较好的模式。     

Altered REM sleep architecture in patients with Myotonic dystrophy type 1: is related to sleep apnea?

ObjectiveTo determine the sleep architecture and sleep respiratory abnormalities and to correlate with sleep symptoms in patients with Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).MethodsWe recruited a cohort of genetically confirmed patients with DM1, who attended the Neuromuscular clinic between July 2016 and December 2019. Clinical, sleep and whole night polysomnography data were collected. The analysis of sleep architecture, sleep respiratory parameters and comparison with healthy controls (HC) was performed in our sleep laboratory.ResultsA total of 59 patients with DM1 underwent sleep evaluation. Hypersomnolence in 42 (77.8%), ESS>10 in 23 (39%), and PSQI>5 in 18 (30.5%) were found in patients with DM1. Thirty-one (68.89%) patients with DM1 and 22 (95.65%) HC had more than 4-h of total sleep time (TST). More than 4 h of TST was taken to compare respiratory and sleep architecture parameters. Patients with DM1 had reduced sleep efficiency, reduced N2 sleep, and increase in N1 sleep, wake index, stage shift index, nocturnal sleep-onset REM periods compared to HC. AHI>15 was found in 16 (51.61%) DM1 and in 3 HC (13.64%). AHI had positive correlation with BMI, but not with age, ESS or disease progression (MIRS). All DM1 with AHI>15; 8(80%) and 1(33.33%) in AHI5to15, and AHI<5 groups, respectively had hypersomnolence.ConclusionIn this first study on Indian cohort, daytime hypersomnolence, poor nocturnal sleep quality, sleep architecture irregularities are identified to be common in patients with DM1. These abnormalities may be explained by sleep-related breathing disorders that are highly prevalent in these patients.     

The relationship between weight change and daytime sleepiness: the Sleep Heart Health Study

ObjectiveThrough a causal framework, we aim to assess the association between weight change and daytime sleepiness, and the role of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in this relationship.MethodsFrom the Sleep Heart Health Study, we selected individuals who were: (1) 40–64 years old, with (2) body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 kg/m², (3) no history of stroke, treatment for OSA, and tracheostomy at baseline. We used multiple linear regression to assess the relationship between five-year weight change and daytime sleepiness (assessed through Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)) at five years, adjusting for daytime sleepiness, demographics, diabetes, subjective sleep duration, sleep disturbance, smoking status, weight, and use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines at baseline, in those with complete data (N = 1468). We further assessed the potential mediating role of OSA in this relationship.ResultsAt baseline, the study participants were on average 55 years old, 46% males, with mean BMI 28 kg/m²; and 25% had ESS>10. ESS at five years worsened by 0.36 units (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12–0.61, p = 0.004) with every 10-kg weight gain. When stratified by sex, this relationship was only found in women (0.55, 95% CI 0.25–0.86, p < 0.001; p-interaction = 0.02). Approximately one-fifth of the relationship between weight change and daytime sleepiness was mediated by severity of OSA at five years.ConclusionWeight gain has a detrimental effect on daytime sleepiness, mostly through pathways other than OSA. This study provides further evidence and understanding of the relationship between obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness.     

日间门诊全麻下拔牙的临床应用及评价

目的:回顾性分析日间门诊全麻下拔牙的病例资料,总结日间门诊全麻下拔牙的麻醉特点、诊疗规范、手术特点和安全性。方法:收集日间门诊全麻下拔牙病例,总结选择全麻的原因、拔除牙位、离院评价得分,分析日间门诊全麻下拔牙的麻醉特点、手术特点。根据术中情况和术后复查分析该方法的安全性。结果:共收集18个病例,男11例,女7例,年龄7～50岁。选择全麻的原因包括:无法配合手术的儿童、智障、癫痫、咽部敏感、局麻药物过敏和有紧张晕厥病史。拔除牙位主要是阻生智齿和埋伏多生牙,均采用气管内插管静吸复合麻醉。所有病例手术顺利并安全离院,离院标准评分均在13分以上。结论:严格遵从诊疗规范的情况下,日间门诊全麻下拔牙对因各种原因无法配合局麻下手术的患者是一种安全有效的治疗方法。