基于标准化患者法评价四川农村基层医生两种慢性病诊断准确性及其影响因素

目的 运用标准化患者法评估四川农村地区基层医生不稳定型心绞痛和2型糖尿病两种慢性病诊断准确性现状,探讨基层医生两种慢性病诊断准确性的主要影响因素,为提升基层医生两种慢性病诊断准确性提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,抽取四川省自贡市5个区/县50个乡镇100个村为研究现场,以调查当日在岗的全科及内科医生作为研究对象。共进行两轮数据采集,第1轮采集样本乡镇卫生院和村卫生室医生的基本信息;第1轮调查完成1个月后,运用标准化患者法开展第2轮调查,收集农村基层医生对不稳定型心绞痛和2型糖尿病诊断结果信息。运用Logistic回归分析农村基层医生不稳定型心绞痛和2型糖尿病诊断准确性的影响因素。结果 共纳入172名农村基层医生,完成186次标准化患者访问,正确诊断率为48.39%。其中不稳定型心绞痛的正确诊断率为18.68%(17/91),2型糖尿病的正确诊断率为76.84%(73/95)。Logistic回归分析显示,具有执业医师资质的农村基层医生更有可能做出正确诊断(OR=4.857,95%CI=1.076~21.933,P=0.040)。农村基层医生在诊断过程中涉及的必要问诊和检查条目越多,做出正确诊断的概率越高(OR=1.627,95%CI=1.065~2.485,P=0.024)。与不稳定型心绞痛相比,农村基层医生对2型糖尿病做出正确诊断的可能性更高(OR=6.306,95%CI=3.611~11.013,P<0.001)。结论 四川农村基层医生不稳定型心绞痛和2型糖尿病诊断准确性整体较差,建议以基层医生慢性病诊断过程质量改善为突破口,提升基层医生执业水平,进而提高慢性病诊断准确性。     

基于网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨黄芪干预腹膜纤维化的机制

目的 运用网络药理学方法及分子对接技术探讨黄芪干预腹膜纤维化的可能机制。方法 利用中药系统药理学数据库及分析平台(TCMSP)检索黄芪的主要化学成分及靶点,并补充文献报道相关药理作用的成分作为潜在活性成分。以"peritoneal fibrosis"为关键词分别在OMIM、Genecards获取目前已知的与腹膜纤维化相关的疾病靶点,后取两者的交集靶点;对交集基因通过STRING数据库与Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建"药物-成分-靶点-疾病"网络及蛋白互作(PPI)网络并筛选核心网络。基于R软件使用Bioconductor生物信息软件对核心靶点进行GO及KEGG富集分析,最终采用AutoDock软件将主要有效成分与核心靶点进行分子对接,得出其结合能力。结果 筛选出20个黄芪活性成分及文献报道有相关药理作用4个, 457药物作用靶点,与674个腹膜纤维化病靶点取交集,得到86个共同靶点。GO功能富集分析提示黄芪拮抗腹膜纤维化主要参与了蛋白激酶B信号转导的调节、细胞对化学的应激反应、炎症反应的调节等通路; KEGG通路富集分析主要涉及调控肿瘤、磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶-蛋白激酶B(PI3K-Akt)、晚期糖基化终末产物/晚期糖基化终末产物受体(AGE-RAGE)、人类巨细胞病毒感染、HIF-1信号通路等;分子对接结果显示关键靶点与活性成分具有较好的结合能力。结论 黄芪治疗腹膜纤维化的分子机制,可能与抑制炎症及氧化应激反应、调节多种信号通路等相关。     

The National Home-Based Primary Care Learning Network: A Practice-Based Quality Improvement and Research Network

Home-based primary care (HBPC) provides interdisciplinary, comprehensive care at home for homebound older adults and has been largely excluded from the national conversation on care quality and quality improvement. In this Pragmatic Innovations article, we describe the work of the National HBPC Learning Network (LN), which focuses on fostering a continuous learning culture among HBPC practices to improve practice quality, elevate the field of HBPC, and create a community of continuous growth and quality of care accountability. The LN recruits HBPC practices in waves of 9 to 10 practices. It currently comprises 38 HBPC practices that care for 58,000 patients across 25 states (approximately 26% of all patients receiving HBPC in the United States). In a Kickoff meeting, the HBPC practices in each wave are instructed in the basics of quality improvement, develop project aim statements and their first plan-do-study-act cycle, receive an introduction to the LN quality improvement software platform, and review plans for LN engagement. Each month, practices submit updates and receive real-time feedback on their quality improvement work. Monthly virtual workshops are held with all practices that include sharing results of a “1-minute survey” (a monthly 1-to 3-question survey sent to all LN participants on a topic relevant to HBPC practices), a didactic and discussion related to the 1-minute survey topic, and interactive progress updates from LN participants regarding their quality improvement work. Each wave ends with “Moving-up Day,” where practices report on their overall project and reflect on how their practice has changed as a result of the LN. LN practices have addressed and improved performance in multiple HBPC-related quality areas including assessment of functional status and cognitive impairment, falls prevention, advanced care planning, COVID-19 vaccination, and others. We present case studies of 3 LN practices and how LN participation strengthened their practices.     

U-Net神经网络分割锥形束CT影像中下颌磨牙牙体与牙髓腔及其准确性验证

目的: 使用U-net卷积神经网络实现锥形束CT（cone-beam CT, CBCT）影像中下颌磨牙的牙体和牙髓腔的自动分割,采用基于显微CT（Micro-CT）扫描结果构建的三维模型作为金标准,评估分割准确性。方法: 从同济大学附属口腔医院放射科收集20组包含完整单侧下颌磨牙的口腔小视野CBCT数据,预处理后,由牙体牙髓病学专家使用MITK Workbench软件手动标注牙体与牙髓腔,作为U-net神经网络分割算法的训练集。另收集5颗下颌磨牙和相应的小视野CBCT数据,5组数据经相同预处理后作为测试集。随后由完成训练的神经网络和同一专家对测试集数据进行牙体和牙髓腔分割和三维重建。离体牙预处理后行Micro-CT扫描,将三维重建后获得的模型作为金标准。分别比较测试集数据中,专家的手动标注、神经网络分割结果与金标准两两之间的差异。采用Dice相似性系数（Dice similarity coefficient, DSC）、平均对称表面距离（average symmetric surface distance, ASSD）、Hausdorff距离（Hausdorff distance, HD）和形态差异分析对结果进行评估。采用SPSS 20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 神经网络分割结果与金标准相比,其牙体组的DSC为(95.30±1.01)%、ASSD为(0.11±0.02) mm、HD为(1.05±0.31) mm,牙髓腔组的DSC为(81.21±2.27)%、ASSD为(0.15±0.05) mm、HD为(3.29±1.85) mm,结合形态差异分析结果显示,神经网络的分割结果与金标准的牙体与髓室部分基本相似,但在根管部分,能分割出较粗的根管,对于根管下段和侧支根管等较细的根管分割能力有限。结论: 在现有实验条件下,以专家手动标注作为训练样本的U-net神经网络,实现了在CBCT影像上对下颌磨牙牙体与髓室的自动化精准分割。但对根管部分,其分割结果有待进一步提升。     

Fourteen years of the Pregnancy Registry on maternal immunisation with a reduced-antigen-content tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine

BackgroundGSK initiated a Pregnancy Registry in the United States (US) for the reduced-antigen-content tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap; Boostrix, GSK) vaccine with the aim to detect and describe pregnancy outcomes in women vaccinated with Boostrix 28 days before estimated conception or during pregnancy.MethodsVoluntary reports of pregnancy exposure to Boostrix received from spontaneous and post-marketing surveillance sources in the US were assessed. Reports were classified as prospective or retrospective based on the knowledge of pregnancy outcomes at the time of reporting. For completeness, reports of exposure to Boostrix or to the Tdap-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (Boostrix-IPV, GSK) reported to the global safety database from countries outside the US were also evaluated.ResultsFrom May 2005 to August 2019, 1517 (1455 prospective and 62 retrospective) pregnancy reports were received in the Boostrix US Pregnancy Registry. Of the prospective reports, 250 had known outcomes: 244 live infants with no apparent birth defects (BDs), three live infants with BDs, and three spontaneous abortions with no apparent BDs. Of the retrospective reports, 55 had known outcomes: 33 live infants with no apparent BDs, 16 live infants with BDs, one spontaneous abortion with no apparent BDs, four stillbirths with no apparent BDs, and one stillbirth with BDs. Cumulatively, 1321 pregnancy reports (1006 for Boostrix; 315 for Boostrix-IPV) were received from countries outside the US. Of these, 163 prospective reports and 551 retrospective reports had known outcomes. Results were in line with those from the Boostrix US Pregnancy Registry.ConclusionsData currently available from the Boostrix US Pregnancy Registry and from countries outside the US suggested that exposure to Boostrix or Boostrix-IPV during pregnancy does not raise safety concerns related to adverse pregnancy outcomes or BDs.     

Method’s corner: Allergist’s guide to network meta-analysis

Network meta-analyses (NMAs) simultaneously estimate the effects of multiple possible treatment options for a given clinical presentation. For allergists to benefit optimally from NMAs, they must understand the process and be able to interpret the results. Through a worked example published in Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, we summarize how to identify credible NMAs and interpret them with a focus on recent innovations in the GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). NMAs build on traditional systematic reviews and meta-analyses that consider only direct paired comparisons by including indirect evidence, thus allowing the simultaneous assessment of the relative effect of all pairs of competing alternatives. Our framework informs clinicians of how to identify credible NMAs and address the certainty of the evidence. Trustworthy NMAs fill a critical gap in providing key inferences using direct and indirect evidence to inform clinical decision making when faced with more than two competing courses of treatment options. This document will help allergists to identify trustworthy NMAs to enhance patient care.     

The role of payment and financing in achieving health equity

Objective

The aim was to identify healthcare payment and financing reforms to promote health equity and ways that the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) may promote those reforms.

Data Sources and Study Setting

AHRQ convened a payment and financing workgroup–the authors of this paper–as part of its Health Equity Summit held in July 2022. This workgroup drew from its collective experience with healthcare payment and financing reform, as well as feedback from participants in a session at the Health Equity Summit, to identify the evidence base and promising paths for reforms to promote health equity.

Study Design

The payment and financing workgroup developed an outline of reforms to promote health equity, presented the outline to participants in the payment and financing session of the July 2022 AHRQ Health Equity Summit, and integrated feedback from the participants.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

This paper did not require novel data collection; the authors collected the data from the existing evidence base.

Principal Findings

The paper outlines root causes of health inequity and corresponding potential reforms in five domains: (1) the differential distribution of resources between healthcare providers serving different communities, (2) scarcity of financing for populations most in need, (3) lack of integration/accountability, (4) patient cost barriers to care, and (5) bias in provider behavior and diagnostic tools.

Conclusions

Additional research is necessary to determine whether the proposed reforms are effective in promoting health equity.