护生竞争与合作策略取向的研究与分析

竞争与合作是获取成功的2种不同策略。大学生对于合作与竞争的态度在一定程度上反映了学习的动力、对获取成功的策略取向以及自我评价能力的高低,能为素质教育提供有用的参考工具[1]。21世纪,护理专业的发展对护理人员提出了“既要有知识、技能,还要有团结精神与人合作的能力”     

Competition,gatekeeping, and health care access

We study gatekeeping physicians’ referrals of patients to specialty care. We derive theoretical results when competition in the physician market intensifies. First, due to competitive pressure, physicians refer patients to specialty care more often. Second, physicians earn more by treating patients themselves, so refer patients to specialty care less often. We assess empirically the overall effect of competition with data from a 2008–2009 Norwegian survey, National Health Insurance Administration, and Statistics Norway. From the data we construct three measures of competition: the number of open primary physician practices with and without population adjustment, and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index. The empirical results suggest that competition has negligible or small positive effects on referrals overall. Our results do not support the policy claim that increasing the number of primary care physicians reduces secondary care.     

Social comparison,competition and teacher–student relationships in junior high school classrooms predicts bullying and victimization

This cross-sectional research examines how social comparison, competition and teacher–student relationships as classroom characteristics are associated with bullying and victimization among junior high school students in grades 7 and 8 in Canada. The study tests a conceptual model of youth outcomes that highlights the importance of modeling the effects of teaching practices as proximal structural conditions at the classroom level (N = 38) that affect bullying outcomes at the individual level (N = 687). Results of Hierarchal linear modeling (HLM) revealed significant classroom-level effects in that increased social comparison, competition and teacher–student relationships were related to bullying and victimization. An interaction for teacher–student relationships and gender also emerged. These findings may guide future intervention programs for junior high schools that focus on enhancing cooperation and pro-social behavior in classrooms. The findings could also inform programs that focus on building strong relationships between students and teachers to help prevent bullying and victimization, particularly among boys.     

Instructions of cooperation and competition influence the neural responses to others’ pain: An ERP study

Neural activities triggered by viewing other’s in pain have been previously reported to be modulated by various factors. How instructions of cooperation and competition can influence these activities has not been explored yet. In the current study, participants were instructed to play a game cooperatively or competitively with a partner. During the game, pictures showing an anonymous individual’s hand or foot in painful or non-painful situations were randomly presented in an oddball style. The event-related potentials (ERPs) when the participants passively observed these pictures under different instructions were compared. We found a significant interaction of Instruction × Picture on the P3 component, where only under competitive instruction did the painful pictures elicit significantly larger amplitudes than the non-painful pictures, but not under the cooperative instruction. This result indicates that the participants were more responsive to other’s pain in a competitive context than in a cooperative context.     

Nutrition du sportif,apports macronutritionnels en fonction des disciplines

Nutrition and physical training are the main determinants of performance in athletes. If physical training load increases, a change of diet, in reference to the usual dietary intake can be considered. This specific nutrition will be adapted to the basic nutritional rules in healthy subjects with two objectives: firstly, to ensure balance and restoration of the various losses induced by physical training (macro, micronutrients) and secondly, to bring the necessary supplements before, during and after the sport competition in a performance objective. The type of restoration will vary according to the type of sport and multiple parameters should be taken into account: predominant activity (endurance or strength), its intensity and duration. The nutrition strategy will be different during the sport competition and focused on the glucose reserve by promoting its availability during effort with the objective of performance increase.     

Psychological,muscular and kinematic factors mediate performance under pressure

It is well established that performance is influenced by pressure, but the underlying mechanisms of the pressure‐performance relationship are poorly understood. To address this important issue, the current experiment evaluated psychological, physiological, and kinematic factors as mediators of the pressure‐performance relationship. Psychological, physiological, and kinematic responses to three levels of competitive pressure were measured in 23 males and 35 females during a golf putting task. Pressure manipulations impaired putting performance. Self‐reported anxiety, effort, and perceived pressure were increased. Heart rate, heart rate variability, muscle activity, and lateral clubhead acceleration were also elevated. Mediation analyses revealed that effort, muscle activity, and lateral acceleration partially mediated the decline in performance. Results confirmed that pressure elicits effects on performance through multiple pathways.     

甘胆酸化学发光定量免疫分析方法的建立

目的 建立甘胆酸（CG）化学发光免疫检测方法.方法 采用竞争法,固相微孔L板包被技术,通过与参比试剂盒临床结果相关性的比较,保证其具有同等的临床诊断价值.结果 本试剂盒的线性范围为0.25～ 40 μg/mL,灵敏度为0.05μg/mL,批内精密度分别为7.1％和7.4％;批间精密度为11.3％和15.74％;样品的回收率在85％～115％之间.与透明质酸、Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅲ型前胶原氨端肽、层粘连蛋白、胆酸以及鹅脱氧胆酸的交叉反应率在0.010％～1.480％之间,均不会对CG的正常测定构成干扰.通过临床样品正常值的测定确定了正常值范围,与有关文献报道基本一致.同时,与北京北方生物技术研究所的放免药盒临床结果进行科学比较,两组结果的相关系数r为0.947.结论 该试剂盒与参比试剂盒的测定结果具有较高的符合率,应用于临床,可为慢性肝炎复发、轻度肝硬变、肝癌、肝胆胃肠消化系统疾病的研究诊断提供可靠的指标.同时,肝胆酸与血清Ⅳ型胶原、透明质酸和前白蛋白（PA）动态联检对于肝硬化的诊断、疗效及预后判断具有重要的临床意义.     

The influence of social evaluation on cerebral cortical activity and motor performance: A study of “Real-Life” competition

Motor performance in a social evaluative environment was examined in participants (N = 19) who completed a pistol shooting task under both performance-alone (PA) and competitive (C) conditions. Electroencephalographic (EEG), autonomic, and psychoendocrine activity were recorded in addition to kinematic measures of the aiming behavior. State anxiety, heart rate, and cortisol were modestly elevated during C and accompanied by relative desynchrony of high-alpha power, increased cortico-cortical communication between motor and non-motor regions, and degradation of the fluency of aiming trajectory, but maintenance of performance outcome (i.e., score). The findings reveal that performance in a complex social-evaluative environment characterized by competition results in elevated cortical activity beyond that essentially required for motor performance that translated as less efficient motor behavior.     

Modulation of facial reactions to avatar emotional faces by nonconscious competition priming

To investigate whether subliminally priming for competition influences facial reactions to facial emotional displays, 49 participants were either subliminally competition primed or neutrally primed. Thereafter, they viewed computer generated avatar faces with happy, neutral, and sad expressions while Corrugator supercilii and Zygomaticus major reactions were recorded. Results revealed facial mimicry to happy and sad faces in the neutrally primed group but not the competition primed group. Furthermore, subliminal competition priming enhanced Corrugator supercilii activity after an initial relaxation while viewing happy faces. An impression formation task revealed counter empathic effects confirming successful competition priming. Overall, results indicate that nonconscious processes influence a presumably nonconscious behavior.