一起学校耐药肺结核聚集性疫情的调查

目的 对北京市朝阳区某学校一起耐药肺结核疫情进行分析,为今后耐药结核病疫情的处置提供参考。方法 对病例进行流行病学调查,对病例密切接触者采用PPD试验、X线胸片和CT相结合的方式筛查。结果 2018年10月—2019年6月,该校共发生36例肺结核病例,发病率为4.5%。其中5例耐多药,3例耐利福平。36例病例分布在四个班,15a班27例、15b班4例、15c班2例、17d班3例。各班发病率分别为56.3%、8.3%、5.7%、7.1%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。8例耐药病例中6例为15a班学生,占耐药病例总数的75.0%。经CT筛查68名密切接触者中确诊23例肺结核患者,检出率33.8%。结论 该起学校聚集性疫情为全国首起耐药肺结核聚集性疫情,首发病例未及时就医,传染源隐匿存在时间长,是导致该起疫情发生的主要原因。疫情处置中开展密切接触者筛查对于及时发现新病例非常重要。     

The role of the ventral striatum in inflammatory-induced approach toward support figures

Although considerable research has shown that inflammation leads to social withdrawal more generally, it is also possible that inflammation leads to social approach when it comes to close others. Whereas it may be adaptive to withdraw from strangers when sick, it may be beneficial to seek out close others for assistance, protection, or care when sick. However, this possibility has never been explored in humans nor have the neural substrates of these behavioral changes. Based on the role of the ventral striatum (VS) in responding to: (1) the anticipation of and motivation to approach rewarding outcomes and (2) viewing social support figures, the VS may also be involved in sickness-induced approach toward support figures. Thus, the goal of the present study was to examine whether inflammation leads to a greater desire to approach support figures and greater VS activity to viewing support figures. To examine this, 63 participants received either placebo or low-dose endotoxin, which safely triggers an inflammatory response. Participants reported how much they desired to be around a self-identified support figure, and viewed pictures of that support figure while undergoing an fMRI scan to assess reward-related neural activity. In line with hypotheses, endotoxin (vs. placebo) led participants to report a greater desire to be around their support figure. In addition, endotoxin (vs. placebo) led to greater VS activity to images of support figures (vs. strangers), and greater increases in inflammation (IL-6 levels) were associated with greater increases in VS activity. Together, these results reveal a possible neural mechanism important for sickness-induced social approach and highlight the need for a more nuanced view of changes in social behavior during sickness.     

闭合复位与切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折的疗效比较

目的比较闭合复位与切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折的疗效。方法自2008-01—2013-01,对采用闭合复位与切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定治疗且获得随访的110例股骨干骨折进行回顾性分析,其中60例采用闭合复位,50例采用切开复位。比较2组术中出血量、手术时间、骨折愈合时间、并发症及膝关节功能评分。结果闭合复位组获得平均14(6~20)个月随访,切开复位组获得平均16(8~22)个月随访。闭合复位组手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、HSS评分分别为(84.170±15.228)min、(149.250±33.659)ml、(5.290±1.113)个月、(86.980±6.736)分,切开复位组分别为(84.940±15.745)min、(441.800±76.277)ml、(8.170±2.123)个月、(82.100±9.351)分;闭合复位组与切开复位组比较,术中出血量更少,骨折愈合时间更短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但2组手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。闭合复位组术后12个月膝关节功能HSS评分较切开复位组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。闭合复位组术后2例发生骨折延迟愈合,3例出现股骨外旋畸形愈合,并发症发生率为8.333%。切开复位组术后6例发生骨折延迟愈合,2例骨不连,1例浅表感染,1例深部感染,并发症发生率为20.000%。闭合复位组术后并发症发生率低于切开复位组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折时,闭合复位疗效优于开放复位。     

磨牙症患者（牙合）接触特征的研究

目的 :研究磨牙症患者牙合接触的特征 ,探索牙合因素与磨牙症的关系。方法 :用T -scanII型咬合分析仪对 2 3名磨牙症患者与 13名对照者分别进行正中牙合位、前伸及侧方运动的咬合检查 ,测量闭合接触时间、前伸与侧方牙合分离时间 ,观察平衡侧牙合干扰出现的情况。结果 :磨牙症患者的闭合时间小于对照组 ;侧方牙合分离时间比对照组长 ;与对照组相比多数磨牙症患者出现平衡侧牙合干扰。结论 :平衡侧牙合干扰可能是与磨牙症有密切关系的重要的牙合因素     

Comparison of increased overjet cases and controls: normative data for condylar positions

The aim was to compare normal overjet versus large overjet cases with clinically healthy temporomandibular joints (TMJ); to establish normative data regarding the difference between condylar positions in centric occlusion (CO) and maximum intercuspation (MI) and deflective CO contacts. Two study groups of normal overjet and large overjet cases consisted each of 33 subjects with no detectable clinical signs of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). CO-MI differences were recorded using the SAM Mandibular Position Indicator. Deflective contacts were examined on models mounted in CO. There was a significant difference between groups in the vertical (P = 0.030) and transverse (P = 0.008) range of movement from CO to MI, but not in the antero-posterior direction. There were no differences in the location of deflective contacts. Results of this study showed that patients with increased overjet show some differences compared with normal overjet patients, even in the non-patients. Further research on TMD patients is needed to find out about the role these features play in the aetiology and treatment of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). This study indicates that the clinician should be paying special attention to the TMJ status of patients with a large overjet.     

微创内固定系统治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的:观察手法闭合复位结合MIPPO技术治疗胫骨中上段、中下段骨折的临床效果.方法:2007年3月至2010年12月,治疗并获得随访的56例胫骨骨折,其中男39例,女17例;年龄22～67岁,平均41.3岁;左侧25例,右侧31例;34例为摔伤,22例为车祸伤;从受伤到手术时间平均1.7 d;中上段15例,中下段41例;临床表现小腿疼痛肿胀,活动受限.采用手法闭合复位结合MIPPO技术治疗.术后采用Johner-Wruhs关节功能评定标准对疗效进行评定.结果:56例患者,手术操作时间平均46 min,术后X线片示骨折复位满意,所有钢板螺钉位置良好;切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无表浅或深层感染.随访时间8～23个月,平均14.2个月;1例发生骨折延迟愈合,经自体髂骨植骨后骨折愈合,其余55例患者骨折在术后15～20周愈合,无固定失败;术后4～6个月均下地行走,7个月后行走无跛行,膝、踝关节功能与伤前一致且双下肢对称.按Johner-Wruhs关节功能评定标准,结果优46例,良9例,中1例.结论:手法闭合复位结合MIPPO技术治疗胫骨骨折,结合了传统正骨手法与现代骨科的优点,既保护了软组织,将手术程序简化、创伤降到最小,又能获得坚强的内固定,保证膝、踝关节的早期功能活动,具有软组织创伤小、血运破坏少、固定可靠等优点,是治疗胫骨近、远端骨折的一种有效方法,也符合微创生物学内固定观点.     

Fracture Union in Closed Interlocking Nail in Humeral Shaft Fractures

Background:

Fracture shaft humerus is a major cause of morbidity in patients with upper extremity injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of interlocking nail in humeral shaft fractures.

Methods:

This study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery in SMS and R Sharda University from January 2010 to November 2013. Seventy-eight patients were recruited from emergency and out-patient department having a close fracture of humerus shaft. All patients were operated under general anesthesia and closed reamed interlocking nailing was done. All patients were followed for 9 months.

Results:

Out of 78 patients, 69 patients underwent union in 90–150 days with a mean of 110.68 days. Complications found in four patients who had nonunion, and five patients had delayed union, which was treated with bone grafting. All the patients were assessed clinically and radiologically for fracture healing, joint movements and implant failure. The results were excellent in 88.46% and good in 6.41% patients. Complete subjective, functional, and clinical recovery had occurred in almost 100% of the patients.

Conclusions:

The results of the present study indicates that in the presence of proper indications, reamed antegrade intramedullary interlocked nailing appears to be a method of choice for internal fixation of osteoporotic and pathologic fractures.     

涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触儿童感染发病及预防的研究

目的观察涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触儿童感染发病情况,探讨儿童感染者预防性治疗方法。方法将涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触儿童与非涂阳肺结核患者密切接触儿童感染发病情况进行比较,对儿童感染者分组给予6H、12H、3HR、2HRZ等4种不同的方案进行预防性治疗,随访观察10年发病情况。结果涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触儿童感染率为63.6%,非涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触儿童感染率为10.4%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。儿童结核感染者预防性治疗组完成治疗率达85%以上,经10年随访患病率为2.2%(4/182),4种方案平均药物不良反应发生率为8.6%。儿童结核感染者非预防性治疗组患病率达45.2%(47/104),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触儿童属于结核病高危人群。早期发现涂阳肺结核患者并给予正规的抗结核治疗,积极动员其家庭成员尤其是儿童及时进行结核病筛查,是结核病管理的一个重要环节。儿童感染者预防性治疗可减少95.1%的结核病发病,是一种可靠预防结核感染的方法,在总体减轻结核病的影响可起到关键性作用。     

Psychotherapy Borealis

In January 1987 the somatic health, psychiatric behaviour, and social adjustment of 23 chronic mental hospital patients at Ralambshov's Hospital, aged 18–45 years, were studied. Most of the patients were single schizophrenic men who had received an average of 7 years of mental hospital care. Most of the patients belonged to a low-income group but had adequate housing. The percentage of patients with working-class backgrounds was not greater than that in their immediate environment. Most members of the group, however, did have unstable family background and limited education and were socially isolated.