Behavioural impairment and oxidative stress by acute exposure of zebrafish to a commercial formulation of tebuconazole

Tebuconazole is a systemic follicular fungicide known to cause diverse problems in non-target organisms namely associated to the pure active ingredient. As such, the objective of this work was to evaluate developmental changes induced by a tebuconazole commercial formulation to a non-target animal model. Zebrafish embryos at ± 2 h post-fertilization were exposed to tebuconazole wettable powder concentrations (0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg L^-1) for 96 h with developmental toxicity assessed throughout the exposure period and biochemical parameters evaluated at the end of the exposure. Behavioural assessment (spatial exploration and response to stimuli) was conducted 24 h after the end of the exposure. While no developmental and physiological alterations were observed, exposure to tebuconazole resulted in an increased generation of reactive oxidative species at the 0.05 and 0.5 mg L^-1 concentrations and a decreased GPx activity at the 0.5 mg L^-1 concentration suggesting a potential protection mechanism. There was also a change in the avoidance-escape behaviour supporting an anxiolytic effect suggesting possible alterations in the central nervous system development demanding further studies.     

Exploring Mothers’ Perspectives About Why Grandparents in Appalachia Give Their Grandchildren Cariogenic Foods and Beverages: A Qualitative Study

BackgroundDental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease. Past studies revealed that grandparents provide their grandchildren with cariogenic foods and beverages (eg, those with free sugars and/or modified starches). Qualitative research can help identify what drives this phenomenon.ObjectiveOur aim was to examine mothers’ explanations for why grandparents in north central and central Appalachia give their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages.DesignA qualitative study on children’s oral health in Pennsylvania and West Virginia from 2018 through 2020 was performed. In-person, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Qualitative data from interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then coded using NVivo. Data analysis for this study was performed using thematic analysis with iterative theme development.Participants/settingThe participants were 126 mothers of children aged 3-5 years from West Virginia (n = 66) and Pittsburgh, PA (n = 60).Main outcome measuresMothers’ perspectives about why grandparents give their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages were analyzed.ResultsIn the study sample, 85% of mothers (n = 107/126) named at least 1 of their children’s grandparents as a member of their social network responsible for their children’s oral health. From these interviews, 85% of mothers (n = 91/107) discussed that grandparents gave their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages. The mothers described the following 4 themes to explain why grandparents gave their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages: privilege of the grandparent role; responsibilities of the grandparent role; symbol of care and affection; and limited consideration or understanding of the detrimental impact.ConclusionsGrandparents play a role in giving their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages, which could potentially contribute to childhood caries. Research is needed to develop effective social interventions to help some grandparents understand the implications of a cariogenic diet on their grandchildren’s oral health and/or decrease their provision of cariogenic foods and beverages.     

Associations of residential greenspace exposure and fetal growth across four areas in Spain

An accumulating body of evidence has associated exposure to greenspace with improved birth outcomes, including higher birth weight and lower risk of low birth weight; however, evidence on such association with in-utero fetal growth is scarce. We explored the influence of maternal exposure to residential greenspace and fetal growth in four INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente) Spanish birth cohorts (2003–2008), with 2,465 participants. Residential greenspace was characterised by the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) average across 100 m, 300 m, and 500 m buffers around the residence. Repeated ultrasound measurements of the abdominal circumference (AC), biparietal diameter (BPD), femur length (FL), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were used. We created customised-generalised least squares models to evaluate associations of residential greenspace exposure on each fetal growth parameter, controlled for the relevant confounders. There were associations between the 500 m buffer and BPD, FL, and AC. We also found associations in the 300 m buffer and FL and AC. The associations in the 100 m buffer were null. Estimates were higher among participants with lower socioeconomic status. Mediation analyses found that air pollution might explain 15–37% of our associations. Mediation by physical activity was not observed. Greenspace exposure may be beneficial for fetal growth.     

艾司氯胺酮复合麻醉在小儿瘢痕非插管全身麻醉患者超脉冲点阵二氧化碳激光治疗术中的应用及效果观察

目的探讨艾司氯胺酮+七氟烷+小儿布洛芬肛栓在小儿烧伤后增生性瘢痕非插管全身麻醉患者超脉冲二氧化碳点阵激光(UFCL)治疗术中的应用及效果观察。 方法选取2020年1月至2021年4月就诊于空军军医大学第一附属医院烧伤与皮肤外科门诊89例烧伤后增生性瘢痕患儿纳入本随机对照临床试验。将患儿采用随机数字表法分为氯胺酮+丙泊酚组[共42例，其中男22例，女20例，平均年龄为(44.33±14.87)个月]和复合麻醉镇痛组(艾司氯胺酮+七氟烷+小儿布洛芬肛栓)[共47例，男24例，女23例，平均年龄(44.47±14.65)个月]；在麻醉前和术中监测患儿血流动力学指标以及警觉/镇静(OAA/S)量表评分；在麻醉清醒时(T0)、麻醉清醒后1 h(T1)、麻醉清醒后2 h(T2)应用儿童疼痛行为量表(FLACC)对患儿疼痛程度进行评估；分别于术前和术后6个月应用温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)对瘢痕进行评分。对数据行独立样本t检验和χ²检验。 结果(1)麻醉前氯胺酮+丙泊酚组血流动力学及OAA/S量表评分[平均动脉压(63.71±3.40)mmHg、心率(107.21±9.45)次/min、呼吸(25.29±2.34)次/min、血氧饱和度(99.00±0.80)%、OAA/S量表评分(4.64±0.49)分]与复合麻醉镇痛组[平均动脉压(63.87±3.57)mmHg、心率(109.34±12.21)次/min、呼吸(26.473.53)次/min、血氧饱和度(98.77±0.91)%、OAA/S量表评分(4.57±0.50)分]比较差异均无统计学意义(t＝-0.213、0.490、-1.840、1.280、0.204，P>0.05)；麻醉后手术中氯胺酮+丙泊酚组[平均动脉压(56.29±2.43)mmHg、心率(94.48±7.01)次/min、呼吸(21.07±3.03)次/min、血氧饱和度(96.12±1.64)%、OAA/S量表评分(2.07±0.71)分]与复合麻醉镇痛组[平均动脉压(62.87±3.56)mmHg、心率(108.791±1.93)次/min、呼吸(26.52±3.48)次/min、血氧饱和度(99.23±0.67)%、OAA/S量表评分(1.45±0.50)分]比较差异有统计学意义(t＝-10.068、-6.794、-7.824、-11.960、4.820，P<0.05)。(2)氯胺酮+丙泊酚组患儿麻醉清醒时[T0：(4.40±1.17)分]麻醉清醒后1 h[T1：(2.05±0.88)分]、麻醉清醒后2 h[T2：(0.43±0.63)分]FLACC评分比复合麻醉镇痛组[(1.32±0.96)、(0.43±0.62)、(0.13±0.34)分]评分高，说明患儿疼痛度高，且数据比较差异均有统计学意义(t＝10.139、13.669、2.794，P<0.05)。(3)术前及术后6个月瘢痕评分：氯胺酮+丙泊酚组[(9.33±1.60)、(4.48±1.11)分]与复合麻醉镇痛组[(8.43±2.04)、(4.26±1.04)分]相比差异均无统计学意义(t＝2.320、0.940, P>0.05)。 结论复合麻醉镇痛措施在小儿烧伤后增生性瘢痕非插管全身麻醉患者(UFCL)治疗术中应用效果较好，可使患儿术中血流动力学平稳，术中镇静良好，术后疼痛度较低，对于激光治疗效果无影响。     

Overweight and obese youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes share similar elevation in triglycerides during middle and late adolescence

BackgroundOverweight and obesity have been observed in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This further increases their future risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) as well as the development of other risk factors, such as dyslipidemia.AimsTo compare lipid profiles in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and lean mass (T1L), Type 1 diabetes and overweight or obese (T1OW/OB), and type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 669 patients with T1D or T2D aged 2–19 years using retrospective data collected from 2003 to 2014. Included patients were categorized into lean (BMI < 85th ile and overweight or Obese (BMI ≥ 85th ile). Patients were subcategorized into three age groups: < 10 years, 10–14 years, and 15–19 years.Results7.6% of patients had T2D. Of the patients with T1D, 58.9% were lean, 26.4% were overweight, and 14.7% were obese. Total Cholesterol (TC), Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and Non-HDL-C levels were similar across groups. In the 15–19 years group, Triglycerides (TG) levels were significantly higher in T1OW/OB and similar to T2D. High-density lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower in T2D. Weight status significantly correlated with TG and HDL-C levels in T1D and T2D groups.ConclusionsT1OW/OB constitutes a significant proportion of the T1D population. Patients with obesity and T1D, especially if in their late adolescence, have an adverse lipid profile pattern that is comparable to adolescents with T2D. Based on these findings, risk for future CVD in T1OW/OB and T2D may be equivalent.     

基于合作对象探讨我国学术期刊专题/专栏建设

【目的】 了解学术期刊专题/专栏建设的现状,以切实发挥学术期刊专题/专栏建设的作用,为期刊的品牌建设、学术创新、影响力提升和办刊质量提高提供策略。【方法】 采用问卷调查法,对全国范围内397名专题/专栏合作对象(包括期刊主编、编委、审稿人、作者)进行调查,了解他们对期刊专题/专栏建设的态度和意见,从合作对象视角探讨影响学术期刊专题/专栏建设成功率和有效性的因素。【结果】 合作对象态度上,表示支持专题/专栏建设工作的比例较高(71.28%),但供稿率不高(43.37%),存在态度和行为分离的现象。排名前5的供稿率影响因素是期刊被本专业领域研究者认可、期刊被数据库收录情况、期刊影响力、期刊品牌、期刊的处理速度。最优的约稿方式是行业内的学术带头人联系约稿,其次是熟识的专家委托和期刊主编亲自联系进行约稿。合作对象最希望获得的帮助是稿件快速审理发表和确定选题方向。【结论】 为提高学术期刊专题/专栏建设质量,应进一步挖掘重要合作对象的作用,有针对性地选择高供稿率的合作对象;努力挖掘和利用影响合作对象供稿的因素,在期刊品牌建设、扩大影响力方面下功夫;优化约稿方式方法,重视行业学术带头人的作用;同时通过稿件快速审理发表、帮助确定选题并提供发表后推广等服务,提高合作对象对专题/专栏建设工作的认可度和参与度。     

Zhang Weishen: A Pioneer in the Development and Industrial Production of Penicillin in New China

The research and development of penicillin started with difficulty before 1949 and achieved certain results. In 1951, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Weishen, as the only Chinese scientist who had been trained and worked in a penicillin research and development center in the United States for many years, overcame many difficulties and returned to China. In 1953, with the efforts of Zhang Weishen and his colleagues, China realized the industrialized production of penicillin, alleviating the urgent needs of the masses. Antibiotics has also become the first discipline to achieve major scientific and technological achievements after the founding of the New China. In the mid-1950s, the technical breakthrough in the localization of lactose substitutes marked the localization of the raw materials of the penicillin-producing culture medium, which paved the way for the industrialized production of penicillin with Chinese characteristics. Antibiotics have become one of the most widely used and affordable drugs for hundreds of millions of patients in China, and China has since ended the humiliating history of the “Sick Man of East Asia".     

新生儿营养与儿童早期发展

儿童早期发展是从受精卵到8岁儿童体格、心理和社会能力的生长和发育,其发展过程受到遗传、环境等多方面影响。其中,新生儿的优质营养是儿童早期发展的重要物质基础,新生儿期的母乳喂养、新生儿疾病的筛查、早产儿和低出生体重儿的合理喂养都是促进儿童早期发展的关键之一。本文将从新生儿营养的角度,全面总结其对儿童早期发展的作用,为更好地优化母婴营养,促进儿童早期发展提供新的方向与参考。