A case-control study of risk factors for intussusception among infants in eastern France after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine

ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to investigate the risk factors for intussusception (IS) among infants, including vaccination against rotavirus.MethodsCase-control study with systematic inclusion of all infants aged <1 year with suspected IS admitted to emergency departments in the eastern region of France between 1 April 2008 and 31 March 2012. All cases classed level 1 according to the Brighton classification were matched to 4 hospital controls. Two exposure windows were examined; exposure to the first dose of rotavirus vaccine in the 7 and in the 14 days prior to the occurrence of IS.ResultsA total of 115 cases were matched with 457 controls. The average vaccination coverage rate over the 4 years of study was 8.6%. Rotavirus vaccine was not found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of IS in the 7 days (odds ratio (OR) not calculated; p = 0.99) and in the 14 days after administration of one dose vaccine (OR 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14–12.82). Infant formula alone or combined with breastfeeding was associated with an excess risk of IS (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.10–6.79). A history of gastroenteritis within 2 weeks prior to hospitalisation was also associated with an increased risk (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.07–4.67).ConclusionOur study indicates that infant formula alone or combined with breastfeeding is a risk factor for IS. A small, non-significant increase in the risk of IS was observed after rotavirus vaccination, although the low vaccine coverage rate likely precluded detection of a significant increase in risk.     

被动吸烟与神经管缺陷关系的病例对照研究

目的 探讨妇女怀孕前后被动吸烟与神经管缺陷（NTDs）的相关性。方法 采用1[DK]∶1配对病例对照研究，选取2010-2014年山西省“削峰工程”监测医院登记的生育NTDs患儿的妇女411例作为病例组，同时选择怀孕前后居住在同一个县（或区）、民族相同、末次月经与病例妇女相差3个月以内的生育健康儿童的妇女411例作为对照组进行问卷调查。用单因素和多因素条件logistic回归模型探究妇女怀孕前后被动吸烟与NTDs的关系。结果 妇女怀孕前后被动吸烟增加生育NTDs患儿的风险（aOR=1.209，95%CI:1.043～1.401，P=0.012）。且随着被动吸烟的频次增加，生育NTDs患儿的风险增加，与未被动吸烟的妇女相比，每周被动吸烟4～6次的妇女和每周被动吸烟大于6次的妇女生育NTDs患儿的OR值分别为2.113和2.903（趋势〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=13.381，P＜0.001）。妇女被动吸烟的主要场所是家中（71.6%），且妇女被动吸烟程度与丈夫吸烟情况相关（r=0.405）。结论 妇女怀孕前后被动吸烟会增加生育NTDs患儿的风险，且随着被动吸烟频次的增加，生育NTDs患儿的风险增加。     

H. pylori Infection and Colorectal Cancers by Anatomical Locations

Background: H. pylori infection may play a role in the development of colorectal cancers (CRC). We aimed to examine the association between H. pylori infection and the risk of CRC by anatomical locations. Methods: We conducted a case-control study on 91 incidence cases of CRC and 224 hospital controls. CRC was determined by histopathological examinations. H. pylori IgG antibody in serum was tested. We collected data on the diet, nutrition, and lifestyle by the validated semi-quantitative food frequency and demographic lifestyle questionnaire. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (OR (95%CI) were estimated for CRC and its subgroups. Results: Overall 54.95% of CRC cases and 42.41% of the controls were H. pylori-seropositive, OR (95%CI): 1.56 (0.88, 2.74), p for trend=0.115. Positive dose-response association in quartiles, highest vs lowest, was observed for total CRC, OR (95%CI): 2.14 (1.00, 4.58), p for trend=0.049, for proximal colon, OR (95%CI): 1.52 (0.37, 6.25), p for trend=0.571), and for distal colon and rectum cancers combined, OR (95%CI): 2.38 (1.03, 5.50), p for trend=0.039. Conclusions: There is a positive association between H. pylori and colorectal cancers, especially distal colon and rectum cancers combined, but additional research is needed to determine the underlying mechanism of chronic H. pylori infection-induced CRC in humans.     

Feasibility of case-control and test-negative designs to evaluate dengue vaccine effectiveness in Malaysia

BackgroundThe world’s first dengue vaccine [Dengvaxia; Sanofi Pasteur] was licensed in 2015 and others are in development. Real-world evaluations of dengue vaccines will therefore soon be needed. We assessed feasibility of case control (CC) and test-negative (TN) design studies for dengue vaccine effectiveness by measuring associations between socio-demographic risk factors, and hospitalized dengue outcomes, in Malaysia.MethodsFollowing ethical approval, we conducted hospital-based dengue surveillance for one year in three referral hospitals. Suspected cases aged 9–25 years underwent dengue virological confirmation by RT-PCR and/or NS1 Ag ELISA at a central laboratory. Two age- and geography-matched hospitalized non-dengue case-controls were recruited for a traditional CC study. Suspected cases testing negative were test-negative controls. Socio-demographic, risk factor and routine laboratory data were collected. Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between confirmed dengue and risk factors.ResultsWe recruited 327 subjects; 155 were suspected of dengue. The planned sample size was not met. 124 (80%) of suspected cases were dengue-confirmed; seven were assessed as severe. Three had missing RT-PCR results; the study recruited 28 test-negative controls. Only 172 matched controls could be recruited; 90 cases were matched with ≥1 controls. Characteristics of cases and controls were mostly similar. By CC design, two variables were significant risk factors for hospitalized dengue: recent household dengue contact (OR: 54, 95% CI: 7.3–397) and recent neighbourhood insecticidal fogging (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3–3.6). In the TN design, no risk factors were identified. In comparison with gold-standard diagnostics, routine tests performed poorly.ConclusionsThe CC design may be more appropriate than the TN design for hospitalized dengue vaccine effectiveness studies. Selection bias in case control selection could be minimized by protocol changes more easily than increasing TN design control numbers, because early-stage dengue diagnosis in endemic countries is highly specific. MREC study approval: (39)KKM/NIHSEC/P16-1334.     

Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed typhoid in a peri-urban setting in Karachi: A case-control study

BackgroundEnteric fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi, is a cause of high morbidity and mortality among children in South Asia. Rising antimicrobial resistance presents an additional challenge. Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines (TCV) are recommended by the World Health Organization for use among people 6 months to 45 years old living in endemic settings. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of TCV against culture-confirmed S. Typhi in Lyari Town, Karachi, Pakistan. This peri-urban town was one of the worst affected by the outbreak of extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid that started in November 2016.MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted following a mass immunization campaign with TCV at three key hospitals in Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan. Children aged 6 months to 15 years presenting with culture-confirmed S. Typhi were enrolled as cases. For each case, at least 1 age-matched hospital control and two age-matched community controls were enrolled. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.ResultsOf 82 typhoid fever patients enrolled from August 2019 through December 2019, 8 (9·8%) had received vaccine for typhoid. Of the 164 community controls and 82 hospital controls enrolled, 38 (23·2%) community controls and 27 (32·9%) hospital controls were vaccinated for typhoid. The age and sex-adjusted vaccine effectiveness was found to be 72% (95% CI: 34% − 88%). The consumption of meals prepared outside home more than once per month (adjusted odds ratio: 3·72, 95% CI: 1·55- 8·94; p-value: 0·003) was associated with the development of culture-confirmed typhoid.ConclusionA single dose of TCV is effective against culture confirmed typhoid among children aged 6 months to 15 years old in an XDR typhoid outbreak setting of a peri-urban community in Karachi, Pakistan.     

广泛性焦虑障碍住院患者与健康对照者的认知功能比较研究

背景 广泛性焦虑障碍（GAD）是常见的慢性精神疾病，常伴有不同程度的认知功能损害，严重影响患者的生活质量及社会功能。 目的 比较GAD住院患者与健康对照者认知功能的差异。 方法 选取2018年8月至2020年1月在南方医科大学南方医院住院治疗的GAD患者为GAD组（n=30），同期通过广告在南方医科大学南方医院住院患者陪护人员中招募年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者为健康对照组（n=30）。使用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和Beck自杀意念量表中文版（BSI-CV）进行心理测评，采用精神运动警觉性任务（PVT）、Go/No-go联想任务、N-back任务分别评估认知功能的注意、抑制及工作记忆功能。比较两组一般情况、量表测评总分及认知功能差异，进一步采用多因素Logistic回归分析探究GAD住院患者和健康对照者的认知功能差异。 结果 GAD组HAMA、HAMD总分和最严重情况时BSI-CV总分及最严重情况时存在自杀意念者所占比例高于健康对照组（P<0.05）。N-back任务：GAD组1-back击中目标率（NBACK1a）、2-back击中目标率（NBACK2a）低于健康对照组，1-back击中目标的平均反应时（NBACK1b）长于健康对照组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，NBACK1a〔OR=0.946，95%CI（0.898，0.997），P=0.038〕、NBACK1b〔OR=1.007，95%CI（1.000，1.014），P=0.042〕是GAD的影响因素。 结论 与健康对照者相比，GAD住院患者的工作记忆较差，需要临床关注。     

股骨颈骨折生物型全髋关节置换术后放置真空负压引流对围手术期失血量影响的病例对照研究

目的 :比较股骨颈骨折全髋置换术后放置真空负压引流瓶,不同负压下术后失血量的差异。方法 :选取2013年1月1日至2013年12月30日采用生物型全髋关节置换术治疗的74例股骨颈骨折患者,分成高负压引流组和低负压引流组。高负压引流组34例,男10例,女24例;平均年龄(75.94±9.02)岁;术毕放置60 k Pa负压真空负压引流瓶。低负压引流组40例,男13例,女27例;平均年龄(74.93±8.90)岁;术毕放置30 k Pa负压真空负压引流瓶。对术后伤口引流量、血红蛋白改变值、根据身高体重和手术前后红细胞压积(Hct)计算的所有患者总失血量等进行观察,并做统计学分析进行比较。结果:两组患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染发生。术后第1天,高负压引流组血红蛋白改变值为(41.74±15.69)g/L,总失血量(1 217.73±459.50)ml,术后引流量(312.94±103.44)ml;低负压引流组血红蛋白改变值(34.90±12.90)g/L,总失血量(904.01±381.58)ml,术后引流量(129.25±44.25)ml,高负压引流组的数值均高于低负压引流组。术后3 d,高负压引流组血红蛋白改变值为(46.00±13.29)g/L,总失血量(1 304.72±421.75)ml;低负压引流组血红蛋白改变值为(43.87±11.39)g/L,总失血量(1 196.78±344.20)ml,两组差异无统计学意义。结论:股骨颈骨折生物型全髋关节置换术后放置引流时,根据患者术前血红蛋白、红细胞压积等情况选择负压引流压力大小,老年性股骨颈骨折选择低负压引流更为合适。