Child Abuse as a Predictor of Gendered Sexual Orientation Disparities in Body Mass Index Trajectories Among U.S. Youth From the Growing Up Today Study

PurposeThis research aimed to explain sexual orientation disparities in body mass index (BMI) by examining child abuse history, weight-related behaviors, and sociodemographics.MethodsWe used data from 7,960 females and 5,992 males from the prospective Growing Up Today Study over nine waves between 1996 (ages 12–14 years) and 2007 (ages 20–25 years). Using repeated measures of BMI (kg/m²) as a continuous outcome, gender-stratified latent quadratic growth models adjusted for child abuse history, weight-related behaviors, and sociodemographics. BMI at age 17 years (intercept) and 1-year change in BMI (slope) are reported.ResultsBisexual females had higher BMI at age 17 years (β = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.00–2.18) and displayed greater one-year increases in BMI (β = .09, 95% CI = .03–.14), compared with completely heterosexual females. Gay males displayed smaller 1-year increases in BMI (β = −.19, 95% CI = −.25 to −.12), compared with completely heterosexual males. No sexual orientation differences in BMI at age 17 years were observed for males, but gay males' BMI at age 25 was less than completely heterosexual males' BMI by 2 units. Among females, sexual orientation differences remained but were slightly attenuated after controlling for child abuse history, weight-related behaviors, and sociodemographics. Among males, the addition of child abuse and weight-related behaviors did not change the estimated difference in 1-year BMI increases.ConclusionsSexual orientation differences in BMI were partly explained by child abuse and weight-related behaviors in females. More research is needed to explore additional drivers of these disparities among both females and males.     

Multiple lines of evidence on the genetic relatedness of the parthenogenetic and bisexual Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)

As an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite, the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two reproductive strategies, bisexual reproduction, and obligate parthenogenesis, which have attracted a widespread attention. However, the speciation of parthenogenetic population remained ambiguous due to its similarity in morphology but the remarkable differences in cytogenetics as compared with those of the bisexual ones. In the present study, we explored several new lines of genetic evidence to resolve this controversial issue. The number of the chromosomes in two lineages was checked by classical methods and their total DNA levels were determined utilizing flowcytometry. In addition, the sequences of 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase I and II (COI, COII) and internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) genes were used to assess their phylogenetic relationship. We observed that the chromosome ploidy of bisexual and parthenogenetic H. longicornis collected by our laboratory was diploid and triploid, respectively. Flowcytometry analysis indicated a ratio close to 2:3 in the DNA contents of bisexual to parthenogenetic H. longicornis. Although the chromosome ploidy is different, their gene sequences are extremely similar. Analogous to the intra-species genetic difference of other invertebrates, sequence differences of all loci examined are below 2%. Phylogenetic trees constructed from 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, COI, and ITS-2 genes revealed that they were all in the same monophyletic clade instead of splitting independently into evolutional branches. Moreover, according to 4× Rule, the K/θ ratio of two reproductive populations calculated based on COI was much smaller than four, strongly supporting that they belong to the same species. Therefore, we conclude that the evolutionary process just disturbs the chromosome ploidy and the sexual determination of parthenogenetic population and that it would be better to consider parthenogenetic H. longicornis as a metapopulation rather than a cryptic species.     

Intimate partner violence among women veterans by sexual orientation

National estimates suggest intimate partner violence (IPV) rates are equal or higher among lesbian, bisexual, or questioning (LBQ)-identified women than heterosexual-identified women. Women veterans are a population at high risk for IPV, yet the occurrence of lifetime and past-year IPV experiences by sexual orientation have not been examined in this population. Lifetime and past-year IPV experiences and current IPV-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed with validated screening measures as part of a 2014 web-based national survey of women veterans. Among 403 respondents, 9.7% (n = 39) identified as LBQ, and 90.3% (n = 364) identified as heterosexual. When controlling for age, LBQ-identified women veterans were significantly more likely to report lifetime sexual and physical IPV and lifetime intimate partner stalking. In the past year, LBQ-identified veterans were twice as likely to endorse emotional mistreatment and physical IPV, and three times more likely to endorse sexual IPV, than were heterosexual-identified women veterans. However, sexual orientation was unrelated to IPV-related PTSD symptoms, when controlling for age, race, and number IPV forms experienced. IPV is prevalent among LBQ-identified women veterans, suggesting the need to understand the potentially unique contextual factors and health-care needs of this group.     

Treatment Counselor's Attitudes About Lesbian,Gay, Bisexual,and Transgendered Clients: Urban vs. Rural Settings

Treatment counselors’ attitudes about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) clients can have important effects on these client's recovery. There is a common, but unexamined, perception that LGBT people are more accepted in urban areas (and thus urban treatment programs) and that urban counselors have greater knowledge of the needs of the LGBT community. This study examined the attitudes and knowledge of treatment counselors from two geographic regions: urban Chicago (n = 109) and rural Iowa (n = 242) in 2000. The instrument assessed demographic characteristics, knowledge, and experiences working with LGBT clients, and attitudes about LGBT clients (an adaptation of Herek's Attititudes about Lesbians and Gays rating scale). Only a few demographic differences between the urban and rural counselors were identified. Chicago counselors were more racially diverse and more likely to have grown up in an urban area than the Iowa counselors. The Iowa counselors had slightly higher levels of formal education. Although the Chicago providers reported having considerably more contact with LGBT clients and more formal and continuing education about LGBT people, they did not have more positive attitudes or report more knowledge of specific LGBT issues that might influence alcohol and drug treatment. Overall, both Chicago and Iowa counselors had very little formal education regarding the needs of LGBT clients, and nearly half reported negative or ambivalent attitudes. Many of the counselors lacked knowledge about legal issues such as domestic partnership and power of attorney, the concepts of domestic partnership and internalized homophobia, and issues related to family of origin and current family.     

A Large-Scale Comparison of Canadian Sexual/Gender Minority and Heterosexual,Cisgender Adolescents’ Pornography Use Characteristics

BackgroundThe ease of access to pornography has made its use common among adolescents. Although sexual and gender minority (SGM) (eg, gay, transgender) adolescents may be more prone to use pornography owing to sexual orientation–related information seeking and/or scarcity of potential romantic or sexual partners, relatively little attention has been paid to their pornography use and to the quantitative examination of the similarities and differences between heterosexual, cisgender (HC) and SGM adolescents’ pornography use characteristics.AimThe aim of the present study was to compare SGM and HC adolescents’ pornography use considering potential sex differences.MethodsWe used a sample of 2,846 adolescents (52.5% girls; M_age = 14.5 years, SD = 0.6), which was collected as part of an ongoing longitudinal study on adolescents’ sexual health. Data were analyzed with 5 groups: HC boys; HC girls; SGM boys; SGM girls; and SGM non-binary individuals.OutcomesAdolescents completed a self-report questionnaire about sexual and gender minority status and pornography use (ie, lifetime use, age at first exposure, and frequency of use in the past 3 months.)ResultsResults indicated significant differences between all groups: 88.2% of HC boys, 78.2% of SGM boys, 54.2% of SGM girls, 39.4% of HC girls, and 29.4% of SGM non-binary individuals reported having ever viewed pornography by the age of 14 years. SGM girls indicated a significantly younger age at first pornography use than HC girls, but this difference was not significant among boys. SGM boys reported the highest (median: many times per week), whereas HC girls reported the lowest (median: less than once a month) frequency of pornography use.Clinical TranslationResults suggest that SGM and HC boys' pornography use characteristics are rather similar, whereas SGM and HC girls’ pornography use patterns may be considered different presumably because of the varying underlying motivations (eg, using pornography to confirm sexual orientation).Strengths & LimitationsSelf-report measures and cross-sectional designs have potential biases that should be considered. However, the present study involved a large sample of adolescents including SGM adolescents, a population group that is understudied.ConclusionApproximately two-thirds of teenagers had gained their first experience with pornography in the present sample, and 52.2% reported using it once a week or more often in the past 3 months, indicating that pornography use may play an important role in both HC and SGM adolescents’ sexual development. Gender-based differences concerning pornography use seem to be robust regardless of SGM status.Bőthe B, Vaillancourt-Morel, MP, Girouard A, et al. A Large-Scale Comparison of Canadian Sexual/Gender Minority and Heterosexual, Cisgender Adolescents’ Pornography Use Characteristics. J Sex Med 2020;17:1156–1167.     

Mental health,relationships, and sex: exploring patterns among bisexual individuals in mixed orientation relationships

ABSTRACT

Drawing on minority stress theory and sexual health literature, this exploratory study tested the relations of bisexual identity factors (e.g. anticipated binegativity, identity affirmation), minority stressors (e.g. isolation and vicarious trauma), and sexual and relationship variables (e.g. sexual functioning, relationship satisfaction) with mental health. Participants were 53 self-identified bisexual individuals in a mixed orientation relationship (MORE) with partners who did not also identify as bisexual. Moderate or above levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were reported by 34.5%, 25.4%, and 27.3% of the sample, respectively. Minority stressors were examined as mediators of the relations of bisexual identity factors and mental health outcomes. Isolation significantly mediated anticipated binegativity and depression, anxiety, and stress. Additionally, vicarious trauma mediated the relation of bisexual identity affirmation with anxiety. Consistent with existing literature, mental health concerns were negatively correlated with various aspects of sexual functioning and relationship satisfaction. Bisexual individuals in monogamous relationships with lesbian-identified partners reported lower stress levels than those with heterosexual partners. Results from the current study provide preliminary information about the health of bisexual individuals in MOREs, and point to minority stressors as potentially fruitful targets of prevention and intervention efforts to reduce negative mental health outcomes among bisexual populations.     

In pursuit of change: Conceptualizing the social work response to LGBTQ microaggressions in health settings

Despite the emergence of research on microaggressions targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) communities in recent years, there remains an insufficiency of theoretical literature in this area. In this article, we draw on the works of Michel Foucault to conceptualize the effects of microaggressive practices on LGBTQ people accessing health and other social services, and generate insight into strategies these groups use to resist these effects. We emphasize the need for social workers, particularly those in health care settings, to support these communities’ ongoing attempts at challenging the effects of microaggression, and to this end, outline several implications of our analysis for social work practice.