The 12th International Food Data Conference (IFDC): From food composition to better policies and programmes in nutrition and agriculture

The 12th International Food Data Conference (IFDC) was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 11 to 13 October 2017. It was organized by Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Biológica and International Network of Data System/FAO (INSIBIO and INFOODS/FAO) as a pre-conference of the 21th International Congress of Nutrition (ICN2017). The theme was “From Food Composition to Better Policies and Programmes in Nutrition and Agriculture”. A total of 152 delegates from 37 countries participated in the Conference. The programme included one keynote address, 46 oral presentations and 82 poster displays. The conference programme along with the Power Point files of the oral presentations are available on the conference website (http://www.ifdc2017.com/). The Conference was very successful, with high-quality scientific oral presentations and posters, and very satisfactory participation. The participants were able to exchange knowledge and personal experiences, and develop new ideas while discussing current research and other matters.     

Differing attitudes of industry and academia towards controlled clinical trials

A consensus conference was held in 1984 on controversial issues concerning controlled clinical trials. Thirty-six individuals working in academic institutions, forty-six in industry and twelve in regulatory authorities participated. Academics accepted and industrial representatives rejected the following: existing regulations cannot cope with the rate at which new treatments develop; drug companies may be reluctant to undertake surveillance programmes because sales will fall if adverse reactions are detected; novel remedies should not be promoted before extensive post-marketing surveillance; third parties should finance trials promising to reduce the costs of illness and trialists should be separated from sponsors in data analysis and interpretation, the investigator owning the data unless stated otherwise. Industrial representatives supported and academics rejected the following: government price control inhibits drug development and a multicentre trial can be justified simply by the wish to speed drug registration.     

2011-2012年深圳市坪山新区职业病危害项目申报情况

目的通过了解深圳市坪山新区工业企业职业病危害现状,为职业病防治策略提供依据。方法对坪山新区职业病危害项目申报资料、检测资料进行计算机录入、统计及X^2检验。结果2011—2012年已申报存在职业病危害项目的生产企业有859家,主要集中在小、微型企业,接触职业病危害因素的劳动者所占的比例较高的行业分别是工艺品制造业、家具制造业、印刷业,主要的职业病危害因素有噪声、粉尘、甲苯等。通过对84家企业职业病危害因素检测报告进行分析,物理因素的超标率为40．00％,化学因素为6．50％,二者比较,差异有统计学意义（X^2=267．79,P〈0．01）;粉尘超标率为38．10％,与化学因素比较,差异有统计学意义（X^2=185．20,P〈0．01）。结论根据该辖区企业职业病危害项目申报和调查情况,应针对工艺品制造业、家具制造业、印刷业,特别是小、微型企业,加强职业病防治工作,而噪声与粉尘是职业病防治的重点危害因素。     

Changes in Nursing Education in the European Union

PURPOSE: To provide an overview of changes in nursing education in the European Union (EU) within the framework of the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the European ministers of education, and to describe specific efforts and changes in Spain. ORGANIZING CONSTRUCTS: (a) the Bologna Declaration process, its recent reforms in all disciplines including nursing, and perspectives on future developments; (b) the Tuning Project, designed and carried out by a group of European universities to meet the challenges posed by the Bologna Declaration; and (c) efforts in a group of Spanish universities to promote higher education in nursing. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: These changes promote enhanced academic recognition, professionalism in nursing education, and graduates' competencies in practice in most European countries by specifying the undergraduate nursing degree as the minimal entrance level for practice and master's and doctoral programs for further career development.     

全国医学伦理学会建规立范记事

医学伦理学会推进了医德规范建设，先后发表了医学伦理宣言，拟定了三个重点医德规范，公布了三项分类医德规范，征集和刍议了一系列医德规范草案。     

Helsinki Declaration on patient safety in anaesthesiology: putting words into practice - experience in Germany

For years now, the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and the Professional Association of German Anaesthesiologists have been actively involved in efforts to improve patient safety. To this end, a whole range of activities have been initiated in recent years and, since February 2011, collected together on our home page 'PATSI' (www.patientensicherheit-ains.de). Further, the implementation of syringe labelling (ISO 26825) with additional information on drugs frequently used in intensive care was carried out. Under the item Helsinki Declaration, all decisions and recommendations so far worked out by our speciality have, in structured form, been assigned to individual points and saved as PDF files. This has made it possible for every anaesthesiological department in Germany to integrate all the relevant instructions and conditions of the Helsinki Declaration into their own individual work structures. These systematic solutions represent a major contribution towards reducing the possibility of errors at the workplace. We are certainly still in the early stages of our efforts to achieve a nationwide integration of a cultural change in the way we deal with mistakes in medicine. We have incorporated the item 'learning from mistakes' in our project 'critical incident reporting system for anaesthesia, intensive care medicine, emergency care, and pain therapy, CIRS-AINS', and have brought out a range of relevant illustrative publications. Accepting these 'mistakes' as an opportunity to critically examine ourselves and our work with a view to learning from them and further improving our speciality service is, we believe, a great challenge for future developments in anaesthesia.     

International breastfeeding initiatives and their relevance to the current state of breastfeeding in the United States

Exclusive breastfeeding is becoming an endangered practice. Breastfeeding has fallen from the foundation of public health to something that is nice but not necessary in the minds of many consumers and health care professionals. Numerous international initiatives have been created to improve the initiation, duration, and exclusivity of breastfeeding throughout the world. These include the International Code of Marketing Breast-milk Substitutes, the Innocenti Declaration, and the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. In the United States, the National Alliance for Breastfeeding Advocacy (NABA), the US Breastfeeding Committee (USBC), and Baby-Friendly USA have played important roles in improving breastfeeding. We begin with a brief history of these initiatives and organizations and move on to discuss some of the progress and programs that can help return breastfeeding to its rightful place as the initial and most basic act of health protection.