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《Vaccine》2019,37(21):2838-2842
Despite the remarkable power of immunization reducing morbidity and mortality due to vaccine preventable diseases, one in five African children still does not receive all the basic, necessary vaccines. This is particularly true of the 10 middle-income countries (MICs) in the WHO African Region, where data demonstrates that immunization coverage is decreasing. These countries are not eligible for Gavi support in accessing new vaccines because of their relatively high per capita income level and will gradually increase with the transitioning of countries out of Gavi support. Thus, WHO was requested to facilitate access to affordable vaccines in relation to middle-income countries and those transitioning out of Gavi support in the near future. With commitment to address the issue, WHO Regional Office for Africa convened a consultative meeting from 09 to 11 April 2018 in Brazzaville, Congo to explore ways of improving access to affordable vaccines for MICs in the Region. The meeting brought together 17 low, middle and upper middle income countries in the African Region. Immunization partners and other WHO Regions also participated in the consultation to share experiences and explore ways of increasing access to affordable vaccines in MICs in the African Region. At the end of the meeting a number of solutions and action points were proposed for implementation in the Region.  相似文献   
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《Vaccine》2016,34(35):4213-4220
BackgroundIntroduction of new vaccines in low- and lower middle-income countries has accelerated since Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance was established in 2000. This study sought to (i) estimate the costs of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, rotavirus vaccine and a second dose of measles vaccine in Zambia; and (ii) assess affordability of the new vaccines in relation to Gavi’s co-financing and eligibility policies.MethodsData on ‘one-time’ costs of cold storage expansions, training and social mobilisation were collected from the government and development partners. A detailed economic cost study of routine immunisation based on a representative sample of 51 health facilities provided information on labour and vaccine transport costs. Gavi co-financing payments and immunisation programme costs were projected until 2022 when Zambia is expected to transition from Gavi support. The ability of Zambia to self-finance both new and traditional vaccines was assessed by comparing these with projected government health expenditures.Results‘One-time’ costs of introducing the three vaccines amounted to US$ 0.28 per capita. The new vaccines increased annual immunisation programme costs by 38%, resulting in economic cost per fully immunised child of US$ 102. Co-financing payments on average increased by 10% during 2008–2017, but must increase 49% annually between 2017 and 2022. In 2014, the government spent approximately 6% of its health expenditures on immunisation. Assuming no real budget increases, immunisation would account for around 10% in 2022. Vaccines represented 1% of government, non-personnel expenditures for health in 2014, and would be 6% in 2022, assuming no real budget increases.ConclusionWhile the introduction of new vaccines is justified by expected positive health impacts, long-term affordability will be challenging in light of the current economic climate in Zambia. The government needs to both allocate more resources to the health sector and seek efficiency gains within service provision.  相似文献   
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目的:系统评价国家基本药物制度实施效果的研究进展,为进一步完善该制度提供参考。方法:检索有关我国基本药物制度实施的国内外研究文献及国际组织报告,时间跨度为2009年1月—2014年12月。结果:最终纳入文献1 292篇,其中中文1 277篇,英文12篇,研究报告3篇。近年来我国基本药物制度研究文献众多,但评价技术及指标不够完善,样本代表性不足,证据连续性欠缺,利用医学大数据开展的循证评价研究刚刚起步,国际合作研究较少。结论与建议:我国基本药物制度评价研究亟待加强。基本药物制度评价既要立足国情,又要与国际的多维度评价框架相结合,从可获得性、可支付性及合理用药等方面进行深入研究,为基本药物制度的推进实施提供科学的证据支持。  相似文献   
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Objective

This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus immunization in Indonesia, taking breastfeeding patterns explicitly into account.

Method

An age-structured cohort model was developed for the 2011 Indonesia birth cohort. Next, we compared two strategies, the current situation without rotavirus immunization versus the alternative of a national immunization program. The model applies a 5 year time horizon, with 1 monthly analytical cycles for children less than 1 year of age and annually thereafter. Three scenarios were compared to the base case reflecting the actual distribution over the different breastfeeding modes as present in Indonesia; i.e., the population under 2 years old with (i) 100% exclusive breastfeeding, (ii) 100% partial breastfeeding and (iii) 100% no breastfeeding. Monte Carlo simulations were used to examine the economic acceptability and affordability of the rotavirus vaccination.

Results

Rotavirus immunization would effectively reduce severe cases of rotavirus during the first 5 years of life of a child. Under the market vaccine price the total yearly vaccine cost would amount to US$ 65 million. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) in the base case was US$ 174 from the societal perspective. Obviously, it was much lower than the 2011 Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of US$ 3495. Affordability results showed that at the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)-subsidized vaccine price, rotavirus vaccination could be affordable for the Indonesian health system. Increased uptake of breastfeeding might slightly reduce cost-effectiveness results.

Conclusion

Rotavirus immunization in Indonesia would be a highly cost-effective health intervention even under the market vaccine price. The results illustrate that rotavirus immunization would greatly reduce the burden of disease due to rotavirus infection. Even within increased uptake of breastfeeding, cost-effectiveness remains favorable.  相似文献   
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目的:为我国建立完善罕见病保障机制提出政策建议,以解决因其所致的"因病致贫、因病返贫"问题。方法:分别通过世界卫生组织/国际健康行动组织(WHO/HAI)标准调查法、灾难性支出评价法和致贫作用评价法3种方法对我国城镇和农村居民多种羧化酶缺乏病、苯丙酮尿症等5种罕见病的可负担性进行分析。结果:按WHO/HAI标准调查法,5种罕见病年治疗费用都很高,费用最低的疾病也相当于城镇居民0.28年的收入,农村居民比城镇居民疾病负担更重;按灾难性支出评价法,5种罕见病在全国范围内造成灾难性支出的人口比例均不超过0.060 6‰,但对部分罕见病,一旦居民患病并采用药物治疗,即陷入灾难性卫生支出;按致贫作用评价法,5种罕见病在城镇、农村的致贫率均很低,但仅这5种罕见病在全国范围内会导致超过20万人陷入贫困。结论:我国罕见病及罕用药的可负担性较差,不同收入水平的居民均有一定的支付困难,因病致贫、因病返贫现象普遍。因此应完善罕见病患者保障机制,建立专门针对罕用药的费用负担方式。  相似文献   
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目的:为我国儿童基本药物目录的出台及改善儿童药物使用现状提供参考。方法:采用世界卫生组织和国际健康行动组织共同制定的WHO/HAI标准化法,于2012年对陕西省6个城市的60家零售药店的28种儿童基本药物进行调研,将零售药店药品零售价格与国际参考价进行对比研究。结果:儿童基本药物在陕西省零售药店的可获得性低;原研药零售价格远高于国际参考价,而最低价格仿制药零售价格较为合理;治疗急性病的儿童基本药物的可负担性较好。结论:应尽快出台儿童基本药物目录;加大研发适宜儿童使用的剂型、规格及包装;对原研药合理定价;鼓励零售药店采购和销售基本药物。  相似文献   
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