All-ceramic restorations: A review of the literature

ObjectivesCeramics can simulate the visual character of the tooth substance successfully and are biocompatible materials. However, a wide range of ceramic materials and systems on the market are available for use in dentistry. Therefore, it is the aim of this article to provide an overview of dental ceramics, their classifications, methods of construction, and clinically relevant aspects that enable the reader to select the most appropriate ceramic for a particular clinical situation.Material and methodsThe PubMed (MEDLINE) search engine was used to gather the most recent information on dental ceramics. The search was restricted to a ten-year period (January 1, 2010–December 31, 2019) and only English-language studies. A Boolean search of the PubMed data set was implemented to combine a range of keywords: (ceramics OR all-ceramics OR dental porcelain OR polycrystalline OR porcelain fused to metal OR ceramometal OR procera OR e max OR zirconia OR In-ceram OR Inlays OR Onlays OR Overlays OR Endocrown) AND (survival rate OR success rate OR clinical outcomes OR classification) AND (humans). Studies were also obtained by manual searches and from Google Scholar.ResultsBy using this process, 2173 articles and studies were obtained. More studies were also obtained by manual searches and from Google Scholar. The most relevant published studies were chosen and used in the current review.ConclusionAll-ceramic restoration use has increased in recent years. This increase has been attributed to patients’ demand for good aesthetics and an improvement in the materials’ mechanical and aesthetic properties as well as to required minimally invasive tooth preparation and the methods of fabrication. The success of ceramic restorations depends on several factors, such as selection of material, restoration design, occlusion, and cementation media.     

Experimental peri-implant mucositis around titanium and zirconia implants in comparison to a natural tooth: part 2—clinical and microbiological parameters

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and microbiological parameters around dental zirconia and titanium implants compared with natural teeth during experimental plaque accumulation. Clinical parameters were evaluated (gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth). Microbiological samples were analyzed for total bacterial cell counts, as well as Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia counts. A statistically significant difference over time was observed in the groups in terms of the gingival index (P < 0.001), plaque index (P < 0.001), and bleeding on probing (P = 0.039). The lowest mean total number of bacterial cells was measured around the teeth, followed by the zirconia implants; the highest values were found around the titanium implants. T. forsythia and P. intermedia values showed significant changes over time and sessions around the titanium implants. Compared to the soft tissues around zirconia implants and the teeth, those around titanium implants developed a stronger inflammatory response to experimental plaque accumulation in terms of the total number of bacterial cells and T. forsythia and P. intermedia values.     

种植基台背景色及粘接剂颜色对不同厚度高透氧化锆修复体颜色的影响研究

 目的　研究种植基台背景色及粘接剂颜色对3种不同厚度高透氧化锆修复体颜色的影响，为粘接剂的选择提供指导方案。方法　制备不同厚度（1.5、2.0、2.5 mm）的高透氧化锆修复体各20个。将3种厚度修复体分别使用3种颜色粘接剂粘接于喷砂后的种植基台上，记为1.5 mm透明、有色、白色研究组，2.0 mm透明、有色、白色研究组，2.5 mm透明、有色、白色研究组；将未粘接于种植基台上的3种厚度修复体记为1.5 、2.0 和2.5 mm对照组；每组修复体各5个。应用VITA Easyshade Ⅴ比色仪测量各组修复体的色彩参数（CIE L*a*b*），并计算粘接前后修复体的色差值（ΔE），对比肉眼可察觉阈值和临床可接受阈值，以评价种植基台背景色及粘接剂颜色对不同厚度修复体颜色的影响程度。结果　（1）种植基台背景色对不同厚度修复体颜色的影响分析：1.5 mm透明研究组ΔE（8.51）高于临床可接受阈值；2.0 mm透明研究组ΔE（2.03）低于临床可接受阈值，但高于肉眼可察觉阈值；2.5 mm透明研究组ΔE（1.26）低于肉眼可察觉阈值。（2）粘接剂颜色对不同厚度修复体颜色的影响分析：当修复体厚度为1.5 mm时，仅有色研究组ΔE低于临床可接受阈值，但仍高于肉眼可察觉阈值，且不同粘接剂组间ΔE比较，差异有统计学意义（F = 21.941，P < 0.05）；当修复体厚度为2.0 mm时，不同粘接剂组间ΔE比较，差异有统计学意义（F = 13.683，P < 0.05），且均低于临床可接受阈值，仅有色研究组ΔE低于肉眼可察觉阈值，但有色研究组ΔE与透明研究组ΔE比较，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）；当修复体厚度为2.5 mm时，不同粘接剂组间ΔE比较，差异无统计学意义（F = 0.683，P > 0.05），且均低于肉眼可察觉阈值。结论　种植基台背景色及粘接剂颜色均会对较薄高透氧化锆修复体的颜色造成影响。在种植义齿修复过程中，当设计的修复体厚度< 2.5 mm时，推荐使用与修复体颜色一致的有色粘接剂；当修复体厚度≥ 2.5 mm时，种植基台背景色和粘接剂颜色对修复体颜色的影响较小，3种粘接剂均可使用。