针刺治疗癌症化疗后恶心呕吐疗效的Meta分析＊

目的 系统评价针刺治疗癌症化疗后恶心呕吐的有效性和安全性。方法 采用计算机检索PubMed、荷兰医学文献数据库（Embase）、Cochrane图书馆（Cochrane Library）、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库（VIP）、万方学术期刊全文数据库（Wan fang）建库至2021年02月28日针刺治疗化疗后恶心呕吐的随机对照试验。采用RevMan5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果 本研究共纳入18篇文献，涉及1538名患者。Meta分析结果显示，针刺治疗化疗后的恶心呕吐在有效率（P<0.01，RR=1.17，95%CI=［1.09，1.26］）、症状完全缓解率（恶心：P<0.01，RR=1.42，95%CI=［1.14，1.76］；呕吐：P=0.01，RR=1.18，95%CI=［1.04，1.34］）及Karnofsky功能状态评分（KPS）（P<0.01，MD=3.97，95%CI=［1.55，6.39］］）等方面均优于对照组。亚组分析显示，消化道肿瘤试验组与对照组治疗有效率相当（P=0.45，RR=1.07，95%CI=［0.89，1.29］）；非消化道肿瘤试验组有效率优于对照组（P<0.01，RR=1.29，95%CI=［1.10，1.52］）。同时，试验组药物不良事件发生数远低于对照组，且针刺不良事件发生数较少。结论 针刺治疗癌症化疗后恶心呕吐是安全的，并可以提高有效率、症状完全缓解率，改善化疗后KPS评分，提高患者生活质量。     

Gastro-oesophageal reflux in children: surgical management

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is symptomatic reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. Factors predisposing to GORD are loss of the physiological antireflux barrier and anatomic abnormalities of the oesophagus or diaphragm. Conservative measures and medical management results in resolution of symptoms in a majority of children. Surgery is indicated in the event of failure of medical management or severe complications. Surgical procedures include open or laparoscopic fundoplication in children with normal neurology; fundoplication with or without vagotomy and pyloroplasty; surgical feeding jejunostomy and oesophago-gastric dissociation in the severely neurologically impaired children.     

Approach to the baby with bilious vomiting

Bilious vomiting in the term neonate is a cardinal feature of a critical condition – intestinal malrotation – and may herald an impending abdominal crisis. It may also be due to a number of other surgical and medical causes, and there is a significant healthcare burden in excluding malrotation in the neonatal population. Health professionals caring for neonates need a sound knowledge of the assessment, diagnosis, and management of the neonate presenting with bilious vomiting. This review discusses the approach and immediate management, discusses uncertainties in evidence and offers practical advice for healthcare professionals who are faced with a baby with bilious vomiting.     

Intra-operative analgesia with remifentanil vs. dexmedetomidine: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis

Intra-operative remifentanil is associated with increased postoperative analgesic requirements and opioid consumption. Dexmedetomidine has characteristics suggesting it may substitute for intra-operative remifentanil during general anaesthesia, but existing literature has reported conflicting results. We undertook this meta-analysis to investigate whether general anaesthesia including dexmedetomidine would result in less postoperative pain than general anaesthesia including remifentanil. The MEDLINE and PubMed electronic databases were searched up to October 2018. Only randomised trials including patients receiving general anaesthesia and comparing dexmedetomidine with remifentanil administration were included. Meta-analyses were performed mostly employing a random effects model. The primary outcome was pain score at rest (visual analogue scale, 0–10) at two postoperative hours. The secondary outcomes included: pain score at rest at 24 postoperative hours; opioid consumption at 2 and 24 postoperative hours; and rates of hypotension, bradycardia, shivering and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Twenty-one randomised trials, including 1309 patients, were identified. Pain scores at rest at two postoperative hours were lower in the dexmedetomidine group, with a mean difference (95%CI) of −0.7 (−1.2 to −0.2), I² = 85%, p = 0.004, and a moderate quality of evidence. Secondary pain outcomes were also significantly better in the dexmedetomidine group. Rates of hypotension, shivering and postoperative nausea and vomiting were at least twice as frequent in patients who received remifentanil. Time to analgesia request was longer, and use of postoperative morphine and rescue analgesia were less, with dexmedetomidine, whereas episodes of bradycardia were similar between groups. There is moderate evidence that intra-operative dexmedetomidine during general anaesthesia improves pain outcomes during the first 24 postoperative hours, when compared with remifentanil, with fewer side effects.     

正念减压疗法对妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和生活质量的影响

目的 探析正念减压疗法对妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和生活质量的影响。 方法 将2017年5月-2018年5月在我院治疗的90例妊娠呕吐妇女纳入本研究,采用数字表法随机分成研究组和对照组,每组各45例。对照组接受宣教,研究组在对照组上实施正念减压疗法。分别于入组时、干预4周和干预8周采用焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)、抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)、生活质量综合评定问卷(generic quality of life inventory-74,GQOLI-74)进行评估,比较2组妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和生活质量。 结果 2组SAS、SDS评分及生活质量综合评定问卷总分在组间效应、时间效应及交互效应上差异具统计学意义。 结论 妊娠呕吐妇女进行正念减压疗法,能够显著减轻妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和提高生活质量,值得在临床上广泛应用。     

6种止吐用药方案预防高致吐风险化疗引起恶心呕吐临床效果的网状meta分析

目的：采用网状Meta 分析评价6种止吐用药方案预防高致吐风险化疗所引起恶心呕吐(CINV)的疗效。方法：计算机检索中国知网、万方数据、维普医药、PubMed、Embase和Cochrane Library(2019年第8期)，检索时限至2019年9月1日，收集5-羟色胺3受体抑制剂（包括第一代5-HT3和第二代5-HT3帕洛诺司琼(PAL)）+地塞米松(DEX)、神经激肽1受体抑制剂(NK-1RA)+5-HT3+DEX、奥氮平(OLZ)+5-HT3+DEX、（奈妥吡坦300mg+帕洛诺司琼0.50mg）NEPA+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的随机对照试验(RCT)，由两名评价员独立筛选文献、提取数据，并按照Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具评价文献质量，采用Stata 15.0统计软件进行网状Meta分析。结果：共纳入18项RCT，合计8076例患者。网状Meta分析结果显示：与5-HT3+DEX比较，NEPA+DEX、NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX、NK-1RA+PAL+DEX和OLZ+PAL+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的急性CINV完全缓解率高于5-HT3+DEX组，差异有显著差异，概率排序为OLZ+PAL+DEX＞NK-1RA+PAL+DEX＞NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX＞NEPA+DEX＞PAL+DEX = 5-HT3+DEX。与5-HT3+DEX比较，NEPA+DEX、NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX、NK-1RA+PAL+DEX、OLZ+PAL+DEX和PAL+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的迟发性CINV完全缓解率高于5-HT3+DEX组，差异有显著差异，概率排序为NK-1RA+PAL+DEX＞OLZ+PAL+DEX＞NEPA+DEX＞NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX = PAL+DEX = 5-HT3+DEX。与5-HT3+DEX比较，NEPA+DEX、NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX和NK-1RA+PAL+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的持续期CINV缓解率高于5-HT3+DEX组，差异有显著差异，概率排序为NK-1RA+PAL+DEX＞OLZ+PAL+DEX＞NEPA+DEX＞NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX)＞PAL+DEX＞5-HT3+DEX。结论：通过网状Meta分析发现，OLZ+PAL+DEX是预防高致吐风险急性CINV最有效方案，而NK-1RA+PAL+DEX是预防迟发性和持续期CINV最有效方案。     

按揉背俞穴减轻化疗后病人恶心与呕吐的研究

[目的]观察按揉背俞穴对化疗后病人恶心、呕吐发生频率和程度的影响。[方法]选取2011年1月—2012年6月在本院肿瘤外科及妇科住院行化疗且方案中使用铂类药物的60例病人,皆签署知情同意书愿意配合本研究,采用随机数字表分为两组,对照组和试验组各30例,对照组行常规护理,试验组在对照组基础上予病人按揉背俞穴,观察两组病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度。[结果]化疗后两组病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]按揉背俞穴能减轻化疗后病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度。     

Breast reconstruction after therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer: A comparison of guideline recommendations

BackgroundThe purpose of this article is to illuminate differences in published clinical practice guideline recommendations for breast reconstruction after prophylactic and therapeutic mastectomy.MethodsTen guidelines were identified through a systematic search of websites and databases of reputable oncology guideline developers, and key differences and gaps in recommendations were noted. Quality assessment of the guidelines was conducted by three reviewers using the AGREE II tool, focusing on breast reconstruction specific documents rather than the general breast cancer guidelines.ResultsThe most comprehensive guidelines were published by Alberta Health Services, Cancer Care Ontario, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, and the Association of Breast Surgery/British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. AGREE II scores in the domains of “Scope and Purpose” and “Clarity and Presentation” were ranked relatively high for all four guidelines while “Applicability” and “Editorial Independence” were ranked relatively low. The Alberta and Ontario guidelines were the overall highest ranked guidelines across all domains.ConclusionOverall, these guidelines provide consistent recommendations on who should receive breast reconstruction education, who is a candidate for postmastectomy breast reconstruction, and the appropriate timing of reconstruction and extent of mastectomy. Future updates from all should focus on expanding to include alloplastic and autologous forms of reconstruction and should include a broad scope of relevant questions.