数据之美——聚焦全球器官捐献发展趋势

器官移植术是20世纪出现的针对器官功能衰竭的最有效治疗方法，每年拯救全球超过12万例患者。但供器官短缺的现状，与器官移植技术和辅助药物的发展不匹配，制约了器官移植事业的发展。我国自2015年起已成为全球器官捐献和移植大国之一，2017年公民逝世后器官捐献数量超过5 000例，占全球捐献总量的15%以上。黄洁夫教授总结的器官捐献与移植"中国模式"得到了世界卫生组织、国际移植界的高度重视和充分肯定。本文通过整理全球及各国的器官捐献与移植数据，剖析全球现状与发展趋势，进一步探索我国公民器官捐献的影响因素并提出针对性的应对策略，以期实现我国器官捐献和移植的"自给自足"。     

非招标采购方式的问题

在军队物资非招标采购方式运用实践中,竞争性谈判采购存在竞争性程度问题、谈判操作中的严密性问题、临时更改评审方法标准和成交条件问题;询价采购存在评审方法和评定成交的标准问题、是否必须有3家以上合格报价问题、指定品牌问题和其他程序问题;单一来源采购存在价格居高不下问题、成本价格随性能同时增长问题、技术创新与技术改造的动力受限问题.     

Nontransplantation of Livers from Deceased Donors Who Are Able to Donate Another Solid Organ: How Often and Why It Happens

Deceased donor factors associated with poor graft outcome are well known, but how often these factors lead to livers left untransplanted is poorly defined. A nested, case-control study was conducted using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 1987 to 2005. Only those donating >/=1 solid organ were included. Primary outcome was livers not transplanted (LNT, cases) versus transplanted (LT, controls). Primary variables for multivariate analysis were donor age and obesity. Covariates included donation after cardiac death (DCD), cerebral vascular accident death, viral serologies, cancer, ALT and bilirubin. There were 23 373 (26%) LNT's from 91 362 donors who donated at least one organ. Percent LNT fell over time (1987-1990: 48%; 1991-1995: 29%; 1996-2000: 21%; 2000-2005: 16%; p < 0.01). Increased age (odds ratio: 4.2, 95% confidence interval 3.6-4.9, p < 0.01) and obesity (2.1, 1.9-2.3, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with LNT across all time periods. Other significant factors included DCD and elevated ALT. For 2001-2005, population attributable risk indicate that age >40, abnormal ALT and obesity account for 32.6%, 25.3% and 9.2% of untransplanted livers, respectively. Use of expanded criteria livers has pushed LNT lower in spite of an aging and heavier donor population. Nevertheless, age and obesity still account for a significant portion of untransplanted livers.     

Standardized quick en bloc technique for procurement of cadaveric liver grafts for pediatric liver transplantation

This paper describes a quick procedure for cadaveric liver graft retrieval during multiple organ harvesting. The technique is based on minimal preliminary dissection, absence of in situ direct portal perfusion, and en bloc removal of the liver and pancreas, with an aortic patch encompassing the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. The results of 110 pediatric liver transplantations with 109 organs harvested using this technique are reported. There were no graft harvesting injuries. The liver graft primary nonfunction rate was 4.5% (5/110). The 3-month retransplantation rate was 10%. The actual patient survival rates were 93% at 3 months and 90% at 1 year; actual graft survival rates were 85.5% and 78%, respectively. The technique described was at least as safe as conventional procedures. A major advantage of the procedure is its flexibility, which allows for the easily combined procurement of other organs (whole pancreas and intestine).     

���εĻ�ȡ�����������淶���ȡ��������֮��Ĺ�ϵ

目的 对供者肝脏等器官的联合获取、修整和保存方法进行研究。方法 采用原位腹主动脉和门静脉插管、低温灌注，快速多器官联合获取、低温保存技术及体外修整获得可供移植的肝移植物。结果 获取122例供者的移植物，平均热缺血时间为4min30s，平均获取时间为20min，平均冷缺血时间为10h。均采用4℃的HCA液(高渗枸橼酸盐腺嘌呤溶液)和UW液灌注和保存。118例修整成适用于临床用的肝的移植物，76例供肝在移植前留取了病理活检标本，病理检查提示供肝结构正常。移植术后，无原发性肝无功能发生。结论 该方法适合于供者肝脏等器官的快速联合获取、修整和保存。     

Regional Variation and Use of Exception Letters for Cadaveric Liver Allocation in Children with Chronic Liver Disease

The Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) score was designed to reduce subjectivity in liver allocation and to advantage patients with a higher probability of waiting list mortality. The aims of this study were to determine the impact of PELD implementation for children with chronic liver disease and to assess whether PELD met its goal of standardization of liver allocation for children. This study used data reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry for children with chronic liver disease receiving primary cadaveric liver transplant between January 2000 and December 2001 (pre-PELD) and March 2002 and July 2003 (PELD). PELD reduced the percentage of children transplanted while in an intensive care unit and as status 1. A calculated PELD score was used for allocation in only 52% of recipients. Thirty percent were status 1 at transplant and PELD scores granted by exception were used for allocation in 18% of patients. There was regional variation in PELD score at allocation and use of exception scores with a significant relationship between PELD score and percentage of exception cases. Regional variation suggests that PELD has not resulted in standardization of listing practices in pediatric liver transplantation.     

Development of sample handling procedures for foods under USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program

The National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) was implemented in 1997 to update and improve the quality of food composition data maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). NFNAP was designed to sample and analyze frequently consumed foods in the U.S. food supply using statistically rigorous sampling plans, established sample handling procedures, and qualified analytical laboratories. Methods for careful handling of food samples from acquisition to analysis were developed to ensure the integrity of the samples and subsequent generation of accurate nutrient values. The infrastructure of NFNAP, under which over 1500 foods have been sampled, mandates tested sample handling protocols for a wide variety of foods. The majority of these foods were categorized into several major areas: (1) frozen foods; (2) fresh produce and/or highly perishable foods requiring refrigeration; (3) fast foods and prepared foods; (4) shelf-stable foods; (5) specialized study and non-retail (point of production) foods; and (6) foods from remote areas (e.g. American Indian reservations). This paper describes the sample handling approaches, from the collection and receipt of the food items to the preparation of the analytical samples, with emphasis on the strategies developed for those foods. It provides a foundation for developing sample handling protocols of foods to be analyzed under NFNAP and for other researchers working on similar projects.     

Personal experience with the procurement of 132 liver allografts

A single donor surgeon's experience procuring the livers from 132 donors is described. Thirty-seven grafts (28.9%) had hepatic arterial anomalies, 19 (14.4%) of which required arterial reconstruction prior to transplantation. Of the 121 grafts evaluated for early function, 103 grafts (85.2%) functioned well, whereas 14 grafts (11.6%) functioned poorly and 4 grafts (3.3%) failed to function at all. The variables associated with less than optimal function of the graft consisted of donor age (P<0.05), duration of donor's stay in the intensive care unit (P<0.005), abnormal graft appearance (P<0.05), and such recipient problems as vascular thromboses during or immediately following transplantation (P<0.005). A new preservation fluid, University of Wisconsin solution, allowed safe and longer cold storage of the liver allograft than did Euro-Collins' solution (P<0.0001). A parameter of liver allograft viability, which is simple and predictive of allograft function prior to the actual transplant procedure, is urgently needed.     

“4+7”集中带量采购实施效果分析--基于9试点地区药品销售数据

目的:剖析“4+7”集中带量采购政策的实施效果。方法:基于药品销售数据及中标企业年报数据,对纳入“4+7”集中带量采购范围的药品在政策实施前后的销售额,原研厂家、中标企业及其他企业的销售额及市场占有率进行对比分析,同时对部分中标企业营收情况的变化进行比较。结果:“4+7”集中带量采购实施后,绝大部分纳入集采品种销售额较往年有显著下降,其中,原研企业、其他企业均有较大幅度下滑,中标企业虽涨跌参半,但已形成对仿制药市场的垄断。此外,“4+7”集中带量采购能够在一定程度上起到促进药品生产企业积极转型,加大研发投入的作用。结论:集中带量采购颇有成效,坚持之余要慎防垄断;要完善医保支付标准的建设,健全原研药、仿制药、过专利期原研药的联动机制;集中带量采购的品种选择应由“点”至“面”。     

基于闭环流程管理的招标采购HBP平台的建设与应用

通过对医院自行招标采购管理需求的分析,开发设计出HBP(Hospital Bidding Planning)系统平台,介绍了该系统的架构及应用失效,为提高科室参与采购信息化建设的积极性、降低院内采购成本、规范采购过程,实现全院采购流程的闭环管理提供借鉴。