Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy with one minute of electrostatic precipitation (ePIPAC) is feasible,but the histological tumor response in peritoneal metastasis is insufficient

IntroductionElectrostatic precipitation Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (ePIPAC) has shown superior penetration depth and tissue uptake compared to standard PIPAC. We investigated the feasibility and objective tumor response to ePIPAC with 1 min of precipitation in patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM).Materials and methodsPatients with PM from various abdominal cancers were included in an amendment to the ongoing prospective PIPAC-OPC2 trial. Colorectal and appendiceal PM were treated with oxaliplatin, patients with PM from other primaries were treated with a combination of cisplatin and doxorubicin. Three ePIPAC procedures were planned in each patient including repeated peritoneal biopsies for response evaluation. After emission to the peritoneal cavity, the aerosolized chemotherapeutics were precipitated for 1 min followed by immediate exsufflation and abdominal closure. Histological regression from the first to the third ePIPAC was evaluated according to the Peritoneal Regression Grading Score (PRGS) and compared to data from the PIPAC-OPC1 trial. Complications and toxicities were recorded according to Dindo-Clavien and CTCAE.ResultsSixty-five ePIPAC procedures were performed in 33 patients (median 2, range 1–6). Ten patients were eligible for response evaluation based on biopsies from the first and third ePIPAC procedure. Four patients had disease progression, four patients had regressive disease, and two patients had stable disease according to PRGS. No life threatening adverse reactions and no mortality was observed following ePIPAC.ConclusionOne minute ePIPAC was feasible and safe, but the histological tumor response was insufficient compared to standard PIPAC directed therapy with 30 min passive diffusion time.     

载As2O3 pH敏感钙砷复合物脂质体的制备及体外评价

目的 制备pH敏感释药的As₂O₃脂质体，并进行体外评价。方法 采用薄膜分散法制备含钙离子脂质体，然后用离子沉淀法孵育制备钙砷复合物脂质体（CaAs-LP）。测定CaAs-LP的粒径、Zeta电位及多分散系数（PDI）；透射电子显微镜观察脂质体的形态；电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定纳米药物的载药量与包封率；透析袋法考察其体外释药特性。噻唑蓝（MTT）法考察未载药脂质体及CaAs-LP对人源性乳腺癌MCF-7细胞、人源性脑胶质瘤U87细胞和人源性肝癌HepG2细胞的毒性；共聚焦显微镜考察U87细胞对CaAs-LP的摄取效率。结果 制备的CaAs-LP呈规整类球型，粒径约为（117.16±1.94）nm，包封率和载药量分别为（74.31±2.11）%、（8.31±0.13）%。体外释放研究表明，CaAs-LP具有明显的缓释以及pH响应释药特征。未载药的脂质体在MCF-7、U87、HepG2和L02细胞中的生物相容性良好；CaAs-LP抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用较原药有所上升，半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）值分别为11.91、4.90、19.41、27.59 μmol/L。细胞摄取研究表明肝癌细胞对脂质体具有良好的摄取。结论 CaAs-LP具备显著的缓释以及pH响应释药的特性，在肿瘤治疗方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Process Development and Robust Control of Physical Attributes of an Amorphous Drug Substance

Control of physical attributes of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be challenging due to processability issues, their wide variation during processing and the requirement to control them to specific ranges. In this article, we report our efforts to develop a robust isolation process for boceprevir, which delivers specific surface areas between 3.0 and 9.4 m²/g. We developed mechanistic process understanding by utilizing a new method to measure glass transition temperature of API suspensions. Boceprevir processability and surface area are determined by the interplay between the suspension operating conditions and glass transition temperature. Processing time and thermal history also influence API surface area evolution, rendering a dynamic nature to it. A control strategy was developed consisting of 2 elements: a continuous tee mixer precipitation process, which delivers API in the 40-60 m²/g range and 1 of 2 annealing step variants. In the first, surface area was controlled in 4 batches to 6.7-7.5 m²/g by equilibrating the API suspension above its glass transition temperature and a subsequent vacuum distillation. The second annealing variant controlled surface area to 4.5-6.5 m²/g for over 70 commercial batches through a dynamic vacuum distillation step with prescribed temperature and % batch volume distilled profiles versus time.     

Addition of Cationic Surfactants to Lipid-Based Formulations of Poorly Water-Soluble Acidic Drugs Alters the Phase Distribution and the Solid-State Form of the Precipitate Upon In Vitro Lipolysis

It has been previously shown that the interaction of some weakly basic drugs with oppositely charged fatty acids during digestion can influence the solid-state form of the drug if it precipitates. The present study hypothesized the opposite effect for weakly acidic drugs. Tolfenamic acid (TA) and an oppositely charged cationic surfactant, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) were combined in a model medium chain lipid formulation. The phase distribution upon in vitro lipolysis was determined using HPLC and the solid-state form of precipitated TA was determined using X-ray diffraction and crossed polarized light microscopy. TA precipitated in a different polymorphic crystalline form to the starting reference material in the absence of DDAB but precipitated in an amorphous form when DDAB was included in the same formulation. The solubility of TA upon dispersion and digestion of the formulation was considerably higher in the presence of DDAB. The findings point to ionic interactions between TA and DDAB as the reason for the improved drug solubility throughout digestion, and precipitation of drug in an amorphous salt form, analogous to what has been observed in the past for some poorly water-soluble weakly basic drugs with anionic co-formers.     

Continuous production of aqueous suspensions of ultra-fine particles of curcumin using ultrasonically driven mixing device

Abstract

Developing drug formulations for poorly water-soluble drugs is a major challenge for pharmaceutical industries as the poor water solubility limits bioavailability of these drugs. Production of nanoparticles/microparticles of these drugs is one of the ways to improve dissolution rates by increasing interfacial area for dissolution. Curcumin, a compound obtained from the rhizome of curcuma longa (turmeric roots), is a pharmaceutically viable molecule. However, poor aqueous solubility limits its therapeutic use. In this work, we report studies conducted to continuously produce aqueous suspensions of curcumin nano/micro particles. Influence of process parameters such as ultrasound, additives, and solvent to antisolvent ratio on polymorphic outcome and morphology of precipitated particles has been investigated. Ultrasound was found to greatly influence the polymorphic form and the morphology of precipitated particles. Nucleation rates, mixing time, and solid–liquid interfacial energies were also estimated to understand the effect of various processing parameters on the precipitation process.     

红芪不同提取物对环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠的影响及相关成分含量研究

目的对比研究红芪不同提取物对环磷酰胺(CTX)所致免疫低下小鼠的影响及相关化学成分含量。方法按照体重将昆明种小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、对照组、醇提物组、水提物组、醇沉物组、残留物组。用CTX 40 mg·kg^-1造成免疫低下模型。对照组灌胃参芪颗粒5 g·kg^-1,其他各组灌胃相应受试样品2 g·kg^-1,正常组和模型组灌胃等量0.9%Na Cl,每天给药1次,连续15 d。称重计算小鼠脏器指数,腹腔注射5%鸡红细胞悬液(CRBC)测定腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分率及吞噬指数,用50%二硝基氯苯(DNCB)丙酮溶液致迟发型超敏反应测定OD值,用5%CRBC致敏测定血清溶血素OD值,尾静脉注射印度墨汁测定网状内皮系统吞噬指数及吞噬系数。用UV法测定多糖、总皂苷含量。结果模型组各指标与正常组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。给药后,正常组、模型组与醇提物组、水提物组、醇沉物组、残留物组的胸腺指数(g·kg^-1)分别为2.55±0.88,1.04±0.74,1.24±0.79,1.81±0.62,1.97±0.83,1.09±0.75,水提物组、醇沉物组与模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);水提物组、醇沉物组与残留物组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这6组的腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分率(%)分别为48.58±5.51,28.54±3.15,35.28±6.03,36.99±6.78,39.89±8.33,27.91±8.02,醇提物组、水提物组、醇沉物组的吞噬百分率与模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);水提物组、醇沉物组与残留物组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。这6组的迟发型超敏反应OD值分别为0.53±0.16,0.23±0.09,0.30±0.10,0.37±0.10,0.36±0.11,0.28±0.14,水提物组、醇沉物组与模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。各提取物中多糖和总皂苷含量:醇提物(6.35%;6.57%),水提物(22.64%;7.68%),醇沉物(42.15%;1.86%),残留物(4.33%;5.37%)。结论红芪水提物和醇沉物均能对抗CTX的免疫抑制作用,有一定的增强体液免疫和细胞免疫作用,可增强机体的非特异性免疫和特异性细胞免疫功能。推测多糖是其对抗CTX免疫抑制作用的主要活性部位。     

分步醇沉对玛咖多糖单糖组成及抗氧化活性的影响

目的:分析分步醇沉所得玛咖多糖的单糖组成,并对各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力进行研究。方法:采用水提醇沉法得到玛咖粗多糖,通过分步醇沉对玛咖粗多糖进行分离、纯化;采用气相色谱分析法对各玛咖多糖的单糖组成进行分析;最后采用三氯乙酸法和清除DPPH自由基的方法考察各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力。结果:分步醇沉随乙醇浓度增加依次得到0~40%乙醇多糖部分,40%~50%乙醇多糖部分,50%~60%乙醇多糖部分,60%~70%乙醇多糖部分及70%~80%乙醇多糖部分,依次命名为MP1,MP2,MP3,MP4和MP5;其中收率最大的为MP1,纯度最高的为MP4,分别为0.856%和68.5%;经气相色谱技术分析发现不同体积分数乙醇所得玛咖多糖的单糖组成种类及比例不同;抗氧化能力试验结果表明各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力存在显著性差异,其中抗氧化能力最强的为MP5,MP4抗氧化能力次之,抗氧化能力最弱的为MP1。结论:分步醇沉所得各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力有较大差异,玛咖多糖的抗氧化活性与其单糖组成的种类、比例及其空间构象密切相关,分步醇沉对分离纯化玛咖多糖具有重要意义,为玛咖多糖进一步分离纯化、结构组成和药理研究提供可靠的参考依据。     

超声波-化学沉淀法制备牙科纳米氧化铝陶瓷粉体

目的:制备分散性好,粒度均匀的纳米α-A l2O3粉体。方法:应用超声波-化学沉淀法,制备氢氧化铝前驱体,经900℃、1 000℃、1 100℃、1 200℃煅烧后测试粉体性能。结果:1 200℃煅烧得到的A l2O3粉体为α-A l2O3,其晶粒平均粒径为D202=31.44 nm。结论:以乙醇为反应溶剂,在低频超声波作用下可制备出分散性好、粒度均匀的纳米级α-A l2O3粉体。     

基于决策树算法的热毒宁注射液金银花青蒿醇沉过程质量控制研究

目的基于决策树算法,深入挖掘热毒宁注射液金银花青蒿醇沉过程(金青醇沉)数据并探究潜在生产规律,提升该过程质量控制水平。方法依托数字化中药提取工厂数据平台收集205批金银花和青蒿浸膏(金青浸膏)历史数据并整合成数据矩阵。将数据集随机划分为训练集和测试集后分别采用分类与回归树(classification and regression tree,CART)、随机森林(random forests,RF)和TreeNet算法建立金青醇沉过程模型,比较各模型性能并基于历史数据划分关键变量控制范围。结果 RF和TreeNet模型性能较好且性能接近,综合各模型分析结果得出醇提罐料液比及金银花浓缩收率为重要的影响因素,对重要变量进行依存度分析并优选批次,并以优选批次的金银花分配浸膏质量及加醇量做控制图,密度为1.11 g/cm3的金银花浸膏分配控制范围为557.92～639.62 kg,加醇量的控制范围为3.370～3.828 m3;密度为1.12 g/cm3的金银花浸膏的控制范围为540.4～616.9 kg,加醇量的控制范围为3.317～3.859 m~3。结论决策树算法建立的金青浸膏醇沉过程模型能够有效地挖掘潜在的生产过程规律,为生产过程的质量控制提升提供技术支撑。