抗真菌剂三氮唑含硫化合物的合成

合成了１３个三氮唑含硫化合物，均为未见文献报道的新化合物，对所合成的化合物，选择三种常见真菌进行体外最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）的测定，结果表明它们均有较好的抗真菌活性，有些化合物抑菌活性极高，有进一步研究和开发前景。     

2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(N 甲基-N-取代基酰胺基)-1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-丙醇类化合物的合成及抗真菌活性的研究

目的：寻找新的高效、低毒、广谱的抗真菌药物。方法：设计合成了２１ 个三唑类化合物作为真菌细胞色素Ｐ４５０ １４α去甲基化酶的抑制剂,并通过体外抗真菌实验测定其抗真菌活性。结果：２１ 个化合物均为新化合物。体外抗真菌试验表明所有目标化合物对试验真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,特别是对白色念珠菌和近平滑念珠菌具有很好的活性。结论：所有化合物都不同程度地对真菌细胞色素Ｐ４５０ １４α去甲基化酶有抑制作用,化合物１５ 对８ 种不同真菌均显示了较高的活性,有进一步研究价值     

New 1,2,3‐triazole‐based analogues of benznidazole for use against Trypanosoma cruzi infection: In vitro and in vivo evaluations

Chagas disease has spread throughout the world mainly because of the migration of infected individuals. In Brazil, only benznidazole (Bnz) is used; however, it is toxic and not active in the chronic phase, and cases of resistance are described. This work aimed at the synthesis and the trypanocidal evaluation in vitro and in vivo of six new Bnz analogues ( 3–8 ). They were designed by exploring the bioisosteric substitution between the amide group contained in Bnz and the 1,2,3‐triazole ring. All the compounds were synthesized in good yields. With the exception of compound 7 , the in vitro biological evaluation shows that all Bnz analogues were active against the amastigote form, whereas only compounds 3 , 4 , 5 , and 8 were active against trypomastigote. Compounds 4 and 5 showed the most promising activities in vitro against the form of trypomastigote, being more active than Bnz. In vivo evaluation of compounds, 3–8 showed lower potency and higher toxicity than Bnz. Although the 1,2,3‐triazole ring has been described in the literature as an amide bioisostere, its substitution here has reduced the activity of the compounds and made them more toxic. Thus, further molecular optimization could provide novel therapeutic agents for Chagas’ disease.     

唑类抗真菌药物结构修饰的研发进展

唑类药物是治疗真菌感染的主要用药，按化学结构分为咪唑类和三唑类。现综述了唑类药物近年来结构修饰和构效关系的研究进展，为进一步的新药研究提供线索。     

Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of pyridylmethylsulfanyl and naphthylmethylsulfanyl derivatives of benzazoles, 1, 2, 4-triazole, and pyridine-2-carbothioamide/-2-carbonitrile

A set of four types of benzazoles, 1, 2, 4-triazole, and pyridine-2-carbonitrile/-2-carbothioamide substituted with 1-naphthylmethylsulfanyl or pyridylmethylsulfanyl was prepared to modify the structure of benzylsulfanyl derivatives of the above-mentioned heterocycles. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium, and two strains of M. kansasii. The activities were expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC values fall into a range of 2 to >1000 micromol/L. Introduction of a pyridyl moiety into the molecule mostly decreased the activity. A naphthyl moiety did not influence the activity in comparison with a phenyl. The most active substances were 4-(3-pyridylmethylsulfanyl)pyridine-2-carbothioamide (7b) (MIC = 2 - >62.5 micromol/L) and 4-(1-naphthylmethylsulfanyl)pyridine-2-carbothioamide (7d) (MIC = 2 - >32 micromol/L).     

新型三氮唑类化合物的抗念珠菌属真菌的活性

目的：研究一类新型的三氮唑化合物对念珠菌属真菌的抗真菌活性。方法：采用体外抗真菌活性试验, 测定化合物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),从而评价化合物的生物活性作用。结果：所有24个新的化合物对念珠菌属真菌均有不同的抑制作用,其中对白念珠菌的活性最好。化合物12对白念珠菌的活性最强,是标准对照品氟康唑的256倍。化合物17对耐氟康唑的白念珠菌的活性最强,是标准对照品氟康唑的16倍。结论：化合物12和17可以作为两个潜在的药物进一步进行研究。     

Novel insights into the complex pharmacokinetics of voriconazole: a review of its metabolism

Abstract

Voriconazole, a second-generation triazole frequently used for the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections, undergoes complex metabolism mainly involving various (polymorphic) cytochrome P450 enzymes in humans. Although high inter- and intraindividual variability in voriconazole pharmacokinetics have been observed and the therapeutic range for this compound is relatively narrow, the metabolism of voriconazole has not been fully elucidated yet. The available literature data investigating the multiple different pathways and metabolites are extremely unbalanced and thus the absolute or relative contribution of the different pathways and enzymes involved in the metabolism of voriconazole remains uncertain. Furthermore, other factors such as nonlinear pharmacokinetics caused by auto-inhibition or -induction and polymorphisms of the metabolizing enzymes hinder safe and effective voriconazole dosing in clinical practice and have not yet been studied sufficiently. This review aimed at amalgamating the available literature on the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in vitro and in vivo, with a special focus on metabolism in adults and children, in order to congregate an overall landscape of the current body of knowledge and identify knowledge gaps, opening the way towards further research in order to foster the understanding, towards better therapeutic dosing decisions.     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(N-环丙基-N-取代氨基)-2-丙醇的合成及其抗真菌活性

目的:研究具有环丙基结构的三唑醇类化合物的抗真菌活性。方法:设计合成了9个三唑醇类新化合物,所有目标化合物结构都通过1HNMR、MS和元素分析验证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,进行体外抑菌活性测试。结果:目标化合物对8种真菌特别是深部真菌均有比较强的抑制活性,所有目标化合物对白念珠菌的MIC80值<0.125 μg/ml,是氟康唑活性的4倍以上,与伊曲康唑活性相当。结论:1-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)-2-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-\[N-cyclopropyl-N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amino\]-propanol(化合物6f)的活性比较好,有进一步研究开发的价值。     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: new tricks for an old bug

Posaconazole is a novel lipophilic antifungal triazole that inhibits cytochrome P450-dependent 14-α demethylase in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to an accumulation of toxic 14-α methylsterols and a depletion of ergosterol, resulting in a perturbation of the function of the fungal cell membrane and blockage of cell growth and division. In vitro, posaconazole has potent and broad-spectrum activity against opportunistic, endemic and dermatophytic fungi. This activity extends to organisms that are often refractory to existing triazoles, amphotericin B or echinocandins, such as Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium spp. and the Zygomycetes. A large variety of animal models of invasive fungal infections have provided consistent evidence of efficacy against these organisms in vivo, both in normal and immunocompromised animals. Posaconazole is available as an oral suspension and optimal exposure is achieved when the drug is administered in two to four divided doses along with food or a nutritional supplement. The compound has a large volume of distribution, in the order of 5 l/kg, and a half-life of approximately 20 h. Posaconazole is not metabolized to a significant extent through the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and is primarily excreted in an unchanged form in the feces. Although it is inhibitory, cytochrome P3A4 has no effect on 1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6 and 2E1 isoenzymes, and therefore, a limited spectrum of drug–drug interactions can be expected. Pharmacokinetic studies in special populations revealed no necessity for dosage adjustment based on differences in age, gender, race, renal or hepatic function. Posaconazole has demonstrated strong antifungal efficacy in Phase II and III clinical trials in immunocompromised patients with oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Posaconazole also showed promising efficacy as salvage therapy in a large Phase II study including 330 patients with invasive fungal infections intolerant to or refractory to standard therapies. Posaconazole appears to be well tolerated in a manner comparable with that of fluconazole and it is currently under regulatory review in the USA and Europe for the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. This drug profile reviews the preclinical and clinical pharmacology of posaconazole and its potential role for prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections.