Automated assessment of the substantia nigra on susceptibility map-weighted imaging using deep convolutional neural networks for diagnosis of Idiopathic Parkinson's disease

ObjectivesDespite its use in determining nigrostriatal degeneration, the lack of a consistent interpretation of nigrosome 1 susceptibility map-weighted imaging (SMwI) limits its generalized applicability. To implement and evaluate a diagnostic algorithm based on convolutional neural networks for interpreting nigrosome 1 SMwI for determining nigrostriatal degeneration in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD).MethodsIn this retrospective study, we enrolled 267 IPD patients and 160 control subjects (125 patients with drug-induced parkinsonism and 35 healthy subjects) at our institute, and 24 IPD patients and 27 control subjects at three other institutes on approval of the local institutional review boards. Dopamine transporter imaging served as the reference standard for the presence or absence of abnormalities of nigrosome 1 on SMwI. Diagnostic performance was compared between visual assessment by an experienced neuroradiologist and the developed deep learning-based diagnostic algorithm in both internal and external datasets using a bootstrapping method with 10000 re-samples by the “pROC” package of R (version 1.16.2).ResultsThe area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) (95% confidence interval [CI]) per participant by the bootstrap method was not significantly different between visual assessment and the deep learning-based algorithm (internal validation, .9622 [0.8912–1.0000] versus 0.9534 [0.8779-0.9956], P = .1511; external validation, 0.9367 [0.8843-0.9802] versus 0.9208 [0.8634-0.9693], P = .6267), indicative of a comparable performance to visual assessment.ConclusionsOur deep learning-based algorithm for assessing abnormalities of nigrosome 1 on SMwI was found to have a comparable performance to that of an experienced neuroradiologist.     

艳山姜挥发油通过调控巨噬细胞CD36和ABCA1表达抑制泡沫细胞的形成

目的:观察艳山姜挥发油对氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导巨噬细胞转化为泡沫细胞的抑制作用,并探索其机制。方法:使用佛波酯(PMA,100μg·L^-1)诱导人白血病单核细胞(THP-1)24 h后形成巨噬细胞,实验分为4组,分别为空白组(无血清RPMI 1640),模型组(80 mg·L^-1ox-LDL),艳山姜挥发油低剂量组(80 mg·L^-1ox-LDL+4μg·L^-1艳山姜挥发油),艳山姜挥发油高剂量组(80 g·L^-1ox-LDL+20μg·L^-1艳山姜挥发油)。噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测艳山姜挥发油对巨噬细胞的活性的影响,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测巨噬细胞中白细胞分化抗原36(CD36)和三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的表达,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测巨噬细胞内胆固醇酯含量,油红O染色法检测巨噬细胞中脂质小滴的含量。结果:艳山姜挥发油对巨噬细胞无毒性。与空白组比较,模型组的巨噬细胞内脂滴和胆固醇酯的含量显著增加(P<0.01),CD36蛋白表达显著上升(P<0.01),ABCA1蛋白表达无显著变化;与模型组比较,艳山姜挥发油显著抑制巨噬细胞中脂滴和胆固醇酯的含量(P<0.01),下调CD36的蛋白表达(P<0.01),上调ABCA1蛋白的表达(P<0.01),艳山姜挥发油可抑制巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞的转化。结论:艳山姜挥发油对ox-LDL诱导的巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞的形成具有抑制作用,该药理作用与艳山姜挥发油下调巨噬细胞CD36和上调ABCA1蛋白的表达有关。     

镇心省睡益智方及其精油对AD模型小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的:观察镇心省睡益智方水提液及其精油对β淀粉样前体蛋白基因/早老素基因(APP/PS1)双转基因小鼠学习记忆的影响并探讨其可能机制。方法:采用APP/PS1双转基因痴呆小鼠及同月龄相同遗传背景C57BL/6JNju小鼠2种小鼠。C57BL/6JNju小鼠作为正常组,APP/PS1双转基因痴呆小鼠随机分为模型组,镇心省睡益智方精油低、高质量浓度组(12.13,48.50 mg·L~(-1)),镇心省睡益智方水提液组(0.46 g·kg~(-1)),每组12只。每天给药1次,连续给药22 d。给药结束后采用跳台实验、Morris水迷宫实验对小鼠行为学能力进行检测,采用尼氏染色观察海马CA1区神经元变化,采用硫磺素(Th S)染色观察海马DG区老年斑(SP)沉积,采用免疫组化法检测小鼠脑组织中葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1),胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的表达,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测小鼠海马组织中乙酰胆碱(ACH),γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),谷氨酸(GLU)含量的变化。结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠跳台实验潜伏期显著缩短,错误次数显著增加(P0.01),Morris水迷宫实验定位航行逃避潜伏期明显延长(P0.05,P0.01),海马CA1区神经元出现缺失,DG区出现明显的老年斑沉积(P0.05),ACH,GLUT1含量均显著下降(P0.01),GABA,GLU水平及IRS-1的表达均显著升高(P0.01);与模型组比较,各给药组均可显著延长小鼠跳台实验潜伏期、减少跳台错误次数(P0.01),明显降低定位航行小鼠逃避潜伏期(P0.05,P0.01),可一定程度保护小鼠海马CA1区神经元,减少DG区老年斑沉积(P0.05,P0.01),明显增加小鼠脑组织中ACH,GLUT1表达(P0.05,P0.01),显著降低GABA,GLU水平及IRS-1的表达(P0.01)。结论:镇心省睡益智方水提液及其精油能够改善APP/PS1小鼠的学习记忆行为,保护神经元,增加脑组织GLUT1的表达,减少脑组织IRS-1的表达,减少老年斑沉积,升高ACH含量,降低GABA,GLU含量,可能是其防治阿尔茨海默症的机制。     

Investigation of non-linear Mate1-mediated efflux of trimethoprim in the mouse kidney as the mechanism underlying drug-drug interactions between trimethoprim and organic cations in the kidney

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the involvement of Mate1 in the tubular secretion of trimethoprim and saturation of Mate1-mediated efflux to address the mechanisms underlying the pharmacokinetic drug interactions with trimethoprim. Trimethoprim is a more potent inhibitor of MATE2-K than MATE1 with K_i values (μM) of 0.030–0.28 and 2.4–5.9, respectively. Trimethoprim is a substrate of human MATE1 and MATE2-K with K_m values of 2.3 ± 0.9 and 0.018 ± 0.004 μM, and mouse Mate1, but not human OCT2, mouse Oct1 and Oct2. Pyrimethamine significantly reduced the renal clearance (CL_R) of trimethoprim (mL/min/kg) from 40.0 ± 5.1 to 20.1 ± 3.7 (p < 0.05). Trimethoprim was given to mice at three infusion rates (150, 500, and 1500 nmol/min/kg). Together with an increase in the plasma concentrations of trimethoprim, the CL_R (mL/min/kg) of trimethoprim decreased to 25.9 ± 3.2, 13.5 ± 5.7, and 8.92 ± 1.50 at the respective rates. Trimethoprim decreased the CL_R of rhodamine 123 in an infusion rate-dependent manner: 11.5 ± 1.3 (control), 5.17 ± 1.55, 1.31 ± 0.50, and 0.532 ± 0.180. These results suggest that Mate1 mediates the tubular secretion of trimethoprim, and at therapeutic doses, MATEs-mediated efflux can be saturated, and thereby, cause drug interactions with other MATE substrates.     

Interactions of organophosphorus pesticides with solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters

1.?Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are known to interact with human ATP-binding cassette drug efflux pumps. The present study was designed to determine whether they can also target activities of human solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters.

2.?The interactions of 13 OPs with SLC transporters involved in drug disposition, such as organic cation transporters (OCTs), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), were mainly investigated using transporter-overexpressing cell clones and fluorescent or radiolabeled reference substrates.

3.?With a cut-off value of at least 50% modulation of transporter activity by 100?µM OPs, OAT1 and MATE2-K were not impacted, whereas OATP1B1 and MATE1 were inhibited by two and three OPs, respectively. OAT3 activity was similarly blocked by three OPs, and was additionally stimulated by one OP. Five OPs cis-stimulated OATP2B1 activity. Both OCT1 and OCT2 were inhibited by the same eight OPs, including fenamiphos and phosmet, with IC₅₀ values however in the 3–30?µM range, likely not relevant to environmental exposure.

4.?These data demonstrated that various OPs inhibit SLC drug transporter activities, especially those of OCT1 and OCT2, but only when used at high concentrations not expected to occur in environmentally-exposed humans.     

Deficient glucose uptake is linked to impaired Glut1 expression upon CD3/CD28 stimulation in memory T cells from pleural effusions secondary to lung cancer

Glucose and nutrient uptake is essential in supporting T cell activation and is increased upon CD3/CD28 stimulation. As T cells from pleural effusions secondary to lung cancer show impaired function, we hypothesized that these cells might have altered expression of nutrient transporters. Here, we analysed by flow cytometry the expression of the transferrin receptor CD71, amino acid transporter CD98 and glucose transporter Glut1 and glucose uptake in pleural effusion‐derived T cells from lung cancer patients, after stimulation via CD3/CD28 under normoxia or hypoxia (2% O₂). We compared the response of T cells from pleural effusions secondary to lung cancer with that of T cells from nonmalignant effusions. In memory T cells from both groups, anti‐CD3/CD28‐stimulation under normoxia upregulated CD98 and CD71 expression (measured as median fluorescence intensity, MFI) in comparison with anti‐CD3‐stimulation. Costimulation under hypoxia tended to increase CD98 expression compared to CD3‐stimulation in memory T cells from both groups. Remarkably, in the cancer group, memory T cells stimulated via CD3/CD28 under hypoxia failed to increase CD71 and Glut1 expression levels compared to the cells receiving anti‐CD3 stimulation, a phenomenon that contrasted with the behaviour of memory T cells from nonmalignant effusions. Consequently, glucose uptake by memory T cells from the cancer group was not increased after CD3/CD28 stimulation under hypoxia, implying that their glycolytic metabolism is defective. As this process is required for inducing an antitumoural response, our study suggests that memory T cells are rendered dysfunctional and are unable to eliminate lung tumour cells.     

萆苓祛痛方对糖尿病痛风大鼠骨骼肌组织SIRT3蛋白表达及URAT1 mRNA的影响

目的:探讨萆苓祛痛方对糖尿病痛风大鼠骨骼肌组织去乙酰化酶3(SIRT3)蛋白表达及尿酸盐转运体1(URAT1) mRNA的影响。方法:选择健康雄性大鼠40只,除正常组外,其余组予高脂饲料喂养并联合小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液40 mg·kg-1腹腔注射1次,以血糖≥16. 7 mmol·L-1,为糖尿病模型。4 d后关节腔注射5%尿酸钠溶液1次,诱导痛风模型,模型成功后,分为萆苓祛痛方组(萆苓组,10 g·kg-1),吲哚美辛组(5 mg·kg-1),吡格列酮组(10 mg·kg-1),均连续给药21 d,正常组、模型组予等量生理盐水;采用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定骨骼肌组织SIRT3蛋白表达;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测骨骼肌组织URAT1 mRNA表达,并进行病理检查,取血测定血糖(GLU),血尿酸(UA)及C反应蛋白(CRP)含量。结果:与正常组比较,模型组GLU,UA及CRP明显升高(P 0. 01);与模型组比较,萆苓组、吡格列酮组血糖下降(P 0. 05);各药物组UA及CRP明显下降(P 0. 01)。与正常组比较,模型组骨骼肌SIRT3蛋白表达量显著降低(P 0. 01);与模型组比较,萆苓组骨骼肌SIRT3蛋白表达量显著提高(P 0. 01),与西药组比较无明显差异;条带图的结果同样显示,与正常组比较,模型组表达亮度明显减弱,药物组表达亮度明显增强;与正常组比较,模型组关节组织URAT1 mRNA相对表达量明显升高(P 0. 01);与模型组比较,各药物组URAT1 mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P 0. 01)。电泳图同样提示,正常组表达亮度减弱,模型组表达亮度显著增强,萆苓组、西药组表达亮度明显减弱。关节病理提示,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠关节病理损伤严重,可见大量炎细胞浸润及纤维增生,滑膜细胞变性、坏死。与模型组比较,萆苓祛痛方关节病变程度明显减低,见少量炎细胞浸润,滑膜上皮轻度增生。结论:具有泻浊解毒通络作用的萆苓祛痛方可显著提高糖尿病痛风大鼠骨骼肌组织SIRT3的蛋白表达量,下调URAT1 mRNA的表达量,减轻骨骼肌组织病理损伤,减低血清炎症因子CRP的含量,降低模型大鼠的血糖、血尿酸水平,有保护关节功能的作用。