从TaTME发展看直肠癌微创外科治疗进步

随着科学技术的进步和对疾病本身认识的深入，直肠癌的外科治疗从局部切除到全直肠系膜切除（TME），从开放手术到腹腔镜手术，再从腹腔镜手术到机器人手术，目前已经进入微创时代。在此时代背景下，经肛门全直肠系膜切除（TaTME） 应运而生。正如TME的提出者Heald所言：“TaTME是近30年直肠癌外科治疗技术的集大成者”，其发展的每一个阶段都有很强的代表性，已成为直肠癌微创外科治疗技术进步发展的一个缩影。     

中国经肛全直肠系膜切除结构化培训尸体手术训练中学员表现分析

目的 分析参加经肛全直肠系膜切除（taTME）结构化培训尸体手术训练中学员表现。方法 针对2018年4月至2019年7月参加taTME结构化培训研讨会的学员，通过问卷调查获取数据，分析学员在尸体手术训练过程中各步骤的技术表现、术中困难及并发症以及术后标本直肠系膜完整度等结果。结果 共45名学员参加taTME结构化培训研讨会，其中39名学员返回问卷。荷包缝合方面，5名（12.8%）学员未能独立完成，7名（17.9%）学员需要经过两次或以上尝试来完成荷包缝合。在各方向直肠系膜间隙的切开分离过程中，85%～90%学员能在教员不同程度上的口头指导下亲自完成。最终标本直肠系膜完整性的评价中，系膜不完整的标本共5例（12.8%），系膜近乎完整的标本共18例（46.2%），系膜完整的标本共16例（41.0%）。术中并发症及遇到困难方面，18名（46.2%）学员进入错误间隙，1名（2.6%）学员出现直肠穿孔，4名（10.3%）学员出现荷包失败，2名（5.1%）学员出现尿道损伤。单因素分析发现只有学员培训前独立完成taTME手术的例数≥1例为术中不出现并发症的影响因素。结论 参加培训的学员在荷包缝合、直肠全层切开以及直肠系膜间隙的分离等各重要手术步骤中获得较为充足的亲自上手练习机会，较丰富的工作经验以及腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术（TME），经肛门内镜微创手术（TEM）、经肛门微创手术（TAMIS）的手术经验并不能降低taTME手术经肛操作部分的术中并发症发生率。参加包含尸体手术训练的taTME结构化培训有助于降低术中并发症发生率并提高手术安全性。     

腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌的临床疗效（附15例）

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除术（laparoscopic-assisted transanal total mesorectal excision,La-TaTME）治疗中低位直肠癌的安全性及近期疗效。方法:回顾性分析南华大学附属第一医院胃肠外科2017年12月至2018年6月施行La-TaTME术的15例中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果:15例患者中，男性10例，女性5例，年龄为（52.7±6.4）岁，体质量指数为（24.8±2.1）kg/m2。15例患者均顺利完成手术，无一例中转开腹；手术时间为（293.5±72.4）min，术中出血量为（91.8±24.6）mL；术后造口排气时间为（1.8±0.6）d，术后下床活动时间为（1.5±0.3）d，术后引流管拔除时间为（7.8±3.4）d，术后住院天数为（13.0±1.8）d；术后出现肛周感染1例，吻合口瘘2例，予以冲洗引流、抗感染、肛门坐浴等保守治疗后恢复；中位随访6个月未见肿瘤复发转移，无死亡病例。结论:对于中低位直肠癌患者，La-TaTME手术是安全可行的，近期疗效较好。     

吻合器经肛直肠切除术联合耻骨直肠肌挂线术治疗出口梗阻型便秘的临床疗效

目的 探讨吻合器经肛直肠切除术(STARR)联合耻骨直肠肌挂线术治疗出口梗阻型便秘的疗效。方法选择2018年9月至2020年3月湖南中医药大学第二附属医院痔瘘便秘专科住院部收治的出口梗阻型便秘患者68例,采用STARR联合耻骨直肠肌挂线术进行治疗。比较治疗前后的Wexner评分、排便时间及肛门直肠测压。结果 患者术后Wexner评分较术前明显减小、排便时间缩短;肛门直肠测压显示,肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、肛管舒张压均有不同程度的改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 STARR联合耻骨直肠肌挂线术治疗出口梗阻型便秘治疗效果显著,值得推广。     

Symptomatic rectocele: what are the indications for repair?

Background

The surgical indications for symptomatic rectocele are undefined, and surgery has high recurrence rates. We implemented magnetic resonance imaging defecography (MRID) to determine if utilizing strict inclusion criteria for rectocele repair improves outcomes.

Methods

Patients with obstructive defecation syndrome (ODS) who underwent dynamic MRID were evaluated. Indications for surgical repair were defecation requiring manual assistance and the following MRID results: anterior defect >2 cm, incomplete evacuation, and the absence of perineal descent. Primary outcomes were the change in quality of life (QOL) scores and recurrence.

Results

From 2006 to 2013, 143 patients who presented with ODS underwent MRID. Seventeen patients met the criteria for repair. Recurrence was low (5.8%) with a median follow-up of 23 months, QOL scores improved from 57.3 to 76.5 (P = .041).

Conclusions

A minority of patients (12%) with ODS met the above criteria for rectocele repair. Patients who underwent repair had a significant improvement in QOL and low recurrence rate.     

Local excision for early rectal cancer: transanal endoscopic microsurgery and beyond

The goal of treatment for early stage rectal cancer is to optimize oncologic control while minimizing the long-term impact of treatment on quality of life. The standard of care treatment for most stage I and II rectal cancers is radical surgery alone, specifically total mesorectal excision (TME). For early rectal cancers, this procedure is usually curative but can have a substantial impact on quality of life, including the possibility of permanent colostomy and the potential for short and long-term bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. Given the morbidity associated with radical surgery, alternative approaches to management of early rectal cancer have been explored, including local excision (LE) via transanal excision (TAE) or transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS). Compared to the gold standard of radical surgery, local procedures for strictly selected early rectal cancers should lead to identical oncological results and even better outcomes regarding morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.     

Benefit in therapy of superficial rectal neoplasms objectivized: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) compared to surgical standards

Summary

A prospective randomized study was launched to compare local resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) with anterior resection for early rectal carcinomas (uT1 Negative low risk) and with peranal submucosal excision for sessile adenomas. Randomized distribution to the operative techniques was used after endoluminal ultrasound staging. The procedures followed were transanal endoscopic microsurgery, deep anterior resection (AR) and peranal submucosal excision (PSE). Patients in the study were: with T1 -carcinoma, n = 25 (TEM-CA) vs n = 28 (AR) and with adenomas, n = 98 (TEM-AD) vs n = 90 (PSE). There was no significant difference in age and sex and intraluminal distribution of rectal cancer between the groups. Blood loss, operation time, hospitalization, analgetic demand, early and late morbidity, mortality, recurrence, 5-year survival rate (for carcinomas) were evaluated. Surgery was performed under general anaesthesia. Significant differences of TEM-CA to AR were found for blood loss, operation time, hospitalization time and analgetic demand (ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls test P < 0.001). Peri-operative mortality was 0; early and late complications of TEM-CA were 20% and 8%, respectively, compared to 35% and 25%, respectively for AR. There was no difference in 5-year survival probability rates between TEM-CA and AR. Mean follow-up was 41 months for TEM-CA and 45 months for AR. Local relapse of cancer after TEM-CA was found in 4% of the patients. Comparing TEM-AD with PSE for adenomas, insignificant differences were found concerning blood loss, operation time, hospitalization and analgetic demand. Obvious differences were noted for early (10%) and late (4%) complications of TEM-AD compared to PSE (17% vs 6.6%). Local recurrence of adenomas after TEM-AD (6.6%) and PSE (22%) differed obviously. In comparison to other procedures, the most precise transanal procedure (TEM) has distinct advantages in surgery for sessile adenomas concerning morbidity and local recurrence. TEM-excision of rectal carcinomas showed similar survival rates compared to anterior resection, provided that endoluminal ultrasound is used for staging and strictly low risk tumours are selected. These advantages, combined with a superior intrarectal overview, justify the increased difficulty of the TEM technique.