曲马多、芬太尼与氯诺昔康在鼾症患者术后镇痛的评价

目的以芬太尼为对照,观察氯诺昔康、曲马多不同药物配伍对悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术（uvulopalatophar-yngiplasty,UPPP）的患者行静脉自控镇痛（Patient-controlled an algesia,PCIA）的有效性和安全性。方法90例择期行UPPP的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS,即鼾症）患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为3组（n=30）,F组：芬太尼10μg/kg;FL组：芬太尼5μg/kg＋氯诺昔康0.4mg/kg;TL组：曲马多5mg/kg＋氯诺昔康0.4mg/kg;每组镇吐药物均为氟哌啶5mg,均以生理盐水稀释至100mL,背景剂量2mL/h,PCIA1.5mL/次,锁定时间15min。观察患者术后2、4、8、12、24h的视觉模拟评分值（VAS）和镇静效果（Ramsay评分）;记录患者血流动力学及通气功能的变化及恶心、呕吐、头晕、呼吸抑制、异常出血、尿潴留等不良反应。结果3组病人均镇痛良好。从VAS值和Ramsay评分来看,F组在术后2h镇痛效果好于FL组、TL组,但有镇静过度存在（P〈0.05）,其余时点3组效果无差异。血流动力学方面,与术前比较,F组、FL组患者MBP在术后2~4h有所下降（P〈0.05）;TL组患者MBP、HR、SPO2无明显变化（P〉0.05）;F组患者在术后2h MBP、HR、SPO2下降较其他两组显著（P〈0.01）。从不良反应来看,F组在呼吸抑制方面与其他两组有差异（P〈0.05）,恶心呕吐的发生率TL组略高于其它两组,但无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,其余不良反应发生率3组无显著差异。结论与使用芬太尼比较,曲马多复合氯诺昔康应用于鼾症患者的术后镇痛对呼吸影响小,更为安全。     

帕瑞昔布钠和曲马多在肛周脓肿术中超前镇痛的效果比较

肛周脓肿是肛肠外科常见病和多发病，手术是主要治疗手段，其手术创面通常较大，间隙较深，术后疼痛常较剧烈，因此短期内常需反复依靠镇痛药缓解疼痛。超前镇痛是指在伤害性刺激作用于机体之前采取一定的措施，防治神经中枢敏化，减少或消除伤害引起的疼痛[1]。目前已越来越多地应用于临床，并显示出较好的术后镇痛效果。本研究对帕瑞昔布钠和盐酸曲马多在肛周脓肿术中超前镇痛的临床疗效和不良反应进行比较，为临床实际问题提供解决方案。     

Effects of tramadol on viscero‐visceral hyperalgesia in a rat model of endometriosis plus ureteral calculosis

The effects of tramadol versus placebo administration on behavioral indicators of ureteral pain, pelvic pain and referred lumbar muscle hyperalgesia were investigated in a rat model of viscero‐visceral hyperalgesia from endometriosis plus ureteral calculosis (endo + stone). Fifty female Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent surgical induction of endometriosis and, 2 weeks later, were randomly assigned to five groups (10 each), to be treated i.p., twice a day, with tramadol (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg) or saline for 5 days (14–18th day postendometriosis; prestone treatment). On the 21st day, they underwent laparotomy for stone formation in the upper left ureter (dental cement injection). All were video‐taped 24 h nonstop for 7 days before and 4 days after stone formation (14–25th day postendometriosis) to record ureteral and pelvic pain behaviors. Lumbar sensitivity (L1) was tested bilaterally, daily over the same period, by verifying presence/absence of vocalization upon muscle pinching at a predefined pressure (calibrated forceps). Additional fifty endo + stone rats underwent the same protocol, except that treatment was performed on 21st–25th day (poststone treatment). Tramadol vs. saline significantly reduced number and duration of ureteral crises, duration of pelvic behavior, and incidence of muscle hyperalgesia (P < 0.0001), with a dose‐dependent effect. Prestone treatment was significantly more effective than poststone treatment for the 1.25 dose for all parameters and 2.5 dose for pelvic and muscle parameters (0.003 > P < 0.02). Tramadol, even at low doses, is thus highly protective against pain from ‘viscero‐visceral hyperalgesia’ in endometriosis plus ureteral calculosis; it can represent a valid therapeutic approach in women with these comorbidities.     

右美托咪啶对腹腔镜胃癌根治术后曲马多自控静脉镇痛质量的影响

目的：观察右美托咪啶对腹腔镜胃癌根治术后曲马多自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）质量的影响.方法：择期腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例,采用静吸复合全麻.两组术后均使用电子微量泵静脉镇痛,泵内含曲马多800mg和托烷司琼5 mg,观察组加用右美托咪啶200 μg,观察麻醉开始前（T0）、术后2 h（T1）、4 h（T2）、8 h（T3）、12 h（T4）、24 h（T5）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸次数（RR）和脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）及T1～T5时点的VAS,记录术后24 h内曲马多用量、PCIA按压次数、术后哌替啶使用例数及心动过缓、低血压、低氧血症、镇静过度、恶心、呕吐等不良反应.结果：观察组T1～T4时点MAP、HR和VAS低于对照组（P＜0.05）;对照组T1～T4时点MAP、HR高于T0和T5 （P＜0.05）;观察组术后24 h内曲马多用量、PCIA按压次数及哌替啶使用例数少于对照组（P＜0.05）,恶心发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：右美托咪啶可提高腹腔镜胃癌根治术后曲马多PCIA的镇痛效果,减少曲马多用量,降低恶心的发生率.     

Chronic morphine and tramadol re‐exposure induced an anti‐anxiety effect in prepubertal rats exposed neonatally to the same drugs

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders. Drugs that are often administered to manage medical problems cause rebound anxiety. The use of morphine and tramadol has increased in recent decades. In the present study, the effects of morphine and tramadol exposure during the neonatal and prepubertal periods on anxiety‐like behaviours in prepubertal rats were investigated. Male neonate rats were injected subcutaneously with saline, morphine or tramadol (3–21 mg/kg) on a daily basis from postnatal Day (P) 8 to P14. On P22, rats were divided into seven groups (saline/saline, saline/tramadol, saline/morphine, tramadol/saline, tramadol/tramadol, morphine/saline and morphine/morphine) and were injected with saline, tramadol or morphine for seven consecutive days. All rats were tested in an elevated plus maze (EPM) on P24 (acute effects), P27 (chronic effects) and P29. Locomotor activity was increased by the second and third exposure to the EPM. Re‐exposure to chronic morphine and tramadol resulted in increased locomotor activity, whereas acute and chronic administration of these drugs induced no notable difference. Anxiety decreased markedly after re‐exposure to tramadol and this anxiolytic‐like behaviour was more dominant in EPM re‐exposure in rats that had received higher doses of tramadol. Re‐exposure to tramadol elicited a stronger anxiolytic‐like behaviour than re‐exposure to morphine. It can be concluded that repeated morphine and tramadol administration during the neonatal period followed by re‐exposure to these drugs at an immature stage produces considerable anxiolytic‐like behaviour. Exposure to chronic morphine and tramadol during the neonatal period may affect the developing brain, which may induce long‐term changes in the opioid response.     

超前镇痛在小儿整形外科手术中的应用

目的:观察氟比洛芬酯与曲马多超前镇痛用于小儿整形外科术后镇痛效果及安全性。方法:小儿整形外科手术60例,随机分为三组。F组于麻醉诱导前缓慢静脉注射氟比洛芬酯1mg/kg,T组于麻醉诱导前缓慢静脉注射曲马多1.5mg/kg,C组缓慢静脉注射生理盐水2ml。观察术后0、1、4、8、12、24hVAS评分及躁动、恶心呕吐、异常出血、呼吸抑制等不良反应。结果:各时间点VAS评分:F组与T组在手术结束即时比较无明显差异,与C组比较评分较低有明显差异。其余各时间点比较F组低于T组,F组和T组低于C组,有明显差异。不良反应T组恶心呕吐高于F组与C组,有统计学意义,C组术后躁动率较F组与T组高,有统计学意义。结论:氟比洛芬酯与曲马多均能减少苏醒期躁动。氟比洛芬酯在整形外科小儿超前镇痛效果较曲马多好。     

丙泊酚复合氟比洛芬酯在人工流产手术麻醉中的应用

目的：研究丙泊酚复合氟比洛芬酯用于人工流产手术的麻醉作用。方法：ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ人工流产患者80例,随机均分为4组,Ⅰ组先缓慢静脉注射芬太尼1μg／kg,10min后静脉注射丙泊酚2mg／kg;Ⅱ组先静脉注射曲马多1mg／kg,10min后静脉注射丙泊酚2mg／kg;Ⅲ组先静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50mg,10min后静脉注射丙泊酚2mg／kg;Ⅳ组静脉注射丙泊酚2mg／kg。四组丙泊酚静注速率均为100mg／min。观察各组诱导及苏醒时间、用药总量,记录术中呼吸、循环参数改变和术中、术后不良反应。术后由手术医生评定麻醉效果。结果：手术全程丙泊酚给药量及术毕至唤醒时间对照组高于其他各组。Ⅰ组术中最低SpO2值在85％～90％之间或小于85％的病例均多于其他组（P〈0．05）,Ⅰ,Ⅱ组术中舌根后坠、术后恶心、呕吐发生率高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,Ⅳ组苏醒期兴奋躁动的发生率高于其他各组。麻醉效果达优者以Ⅳ组最少。术后下腹痛VAS评分0—2分者Ⅲ组优于其他组。结论：丙泊酚复合氟比洛芬酯用于人工流产手术的麻醉中不但可获得较为满意的麻醉效果,而且药物不良反应少,对术后下腹痛也表现出更好的镇痛效果,是一种有效的配伍方法。     

Tiletamine/zolazepam and dexmedetomidine with tramadol provide effective general anesthesia in rats

BackgroundTiletamine/zolazepam is a dissociative anesthetic combination commonly used in small animals but information is limited in rats. The alpha‐2 agonist, dexmedetomidine, has gained popularity in laboratory animal anesthesia. Tramadol is a weak opioid mu agonist. The aim of this study was to assess whether the tiletamine/zolazepam/dexmedetomidine (ZD) combination effectively provides a surgical anesthesia plane comparable to tiletamine/zolazepam/dexmedetomidine with tramadol (ZDT) in a minor procedure in rats.MethodsRats were induced with ZD or ZDT. After the loss of paw withdrawal, a small incision was made on the rats’ left thighs as a surgical stimulus. Rats were maintained under a surgical anesthesia plane by assessing the loss of the paw withdrawal reflex for 45 minutes, then atipamezole was administered. Monitored anesthesia parameters included: (a) physiological parameters – pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), tissue oxygen saturation (%SpO₂), and body temperature; (b) duration parameters – induction time, onset and duration of surgical anesthesia plane, onset of recovery, and recovery time.ResultsPR was significantly lower at 10 minutes in ZD and 5 minutes in ZDT groups. No difference was observed for RR, %SpO₂, and body temperature. Likewise, there were no differences for duration parameters: induction time was less than 3 minutes; onset and duration of surgical anesthesia plane were approximately 5 and 45 minutes, respectively; onset of recovery (time to move) was 51 minutes; and recovery time was 52 minutes, respectively.ConclusionThese data suggest the ZD combination provides a surgical anesthesia plane comparable to ZDT in a rat incisional pain model.     

不同剂量舒芬太尼复合曲马多用于老年髋部手术后患者静脉自控镇痛

[目的]评价不同剂量舒芬太尼复合曲马多用于老年髋部手术后静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的效果.[方法]选择本院在连续硬膜外麻醉下择期髋部手术老年患者60例,随机分为三组.A组：舒芬太尼 50 μg ＋曲马多300 mg;B组：舒芬太尼100 μg ＋曲马多300 mg;C组：舒芬太尼150 μg ＋曲马多300 mg.三组镇痛药物均加入氟哌啶2.5 mg,用生理盐水稀释至100 mL.手术结束前连接PCA泵,镇痛模式为负荷剂量2 mL,持续剂量 1. 2 mL/h, PCA为 2 mL,锁定时间 20 min,全程观察24 h.分别于术后 2～4 h、8～10 h、12～20 h、22～24 h访视记录患者 VAS评分,镇痛药用量、PCA按压次数、Ramsay镇静评分和生命体征及不良反应.[结果]术后 24 h各时段 B、C两组 VAS评分均低于A组（P〈0.05）;与B组相比较,C组8～10 h、12～20 h VAS评分均降低（P〈0.05）;各时段 B、C两组镇痛药用量明显少于A组（P〈0.05）.在 2～4 h、8～10 h时间段 PCA有效按压次数 B、C两组明显低于 A组（P〈0.05）;三组患者各时段 Ramsay镇静评分未见明显差异.[结论]150 μg舒芬太尼复合300 mg曲马多用于老年髋部手术后患者PCIA,临床效果好,安全可靠.