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Background

While drinking alcohol, one must choose between the immediate rewarding effects and the delayed reward of a healthier lifestyle. Individuals differ in their devaluation of a delayed reward based on the time required to receive it, i.e., delay discounting (DD). Previous studies have shown that adolescents discount more steeply than adults and that steeper DD is associated with heavier alcohol use in both groups.

Methods

In a large-scale longitudinal study, we investigated whether higher rates of DD are an antecedent or a consequence of alcohol use during adolescent development. As part of the IMAGEN project, 2220 adolescents completed the Monetary Choice Questionnaire as a DD measure, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and the Timeline Follow Back interview at ages 14, 16, 18, and 22. Bivariate latent growth curve models were applied to investigate the relationship between DD and drinking. To explore the consequences of drinking, we computed the cumulative alcohol consumption and correlated it with the development of discounting. A subsample of 221 participants completed an intertemporal choice task (iTeCh) during functional magnetic resonance imaging at ages 14, 16, and 18. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to differentiate between high-risk and low-risk drinkers on the development of neural processing during intertemporal choices.

Results

Overall, high rates of DD at age 14 predicted a greater increase in drinking over 8 years. In contrast, on average, moderate alcohol use did not affect DD from ages 14 to 22. Of note, we found indicators for less brain activity in top-down control areas during intertemporal choices in the participants who drank more.

Conclusions

Steep DD was shown to be a predictor rather than a consequence of alcohol use in low-level drinking adolescents. Important considerations for future longitudinal studies are the sampling strategies to be used and the reliability of the assessments.
  相似文献   
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Background & aimsTo determine the trends of self-reported non-adherence rates among adults taking Type 2 medicines (T2D) medicines between 2017 and 2019 and to identify the patterns for the frequently reported reasons for non-adherence in the United States.Methods & resultsData from the National Health and Wellness Survey, a self-administered, internet-based cross-sectional survey of US adults from 2017 to 2019 was used. Non-adherence was measured using the self-reported Medication Adherence Reasons Scale (MAR-Scale). Frequencies were used to identify the reasons for non-adherence for insulin and non-insulin therapies for T2D.Data were obtained from 2983 respondents in 2017, 5416 in 2018, and 5268 in 2019. Based on the MAR-Scale, the self-reported medication non-adherence rate was 25% in 2017, 21% in 2018, and 27% in 2019. The most common reason for non-adherence across all the three years was simple forgetfulness, yet patients reported the lowest mean number of days missing medication for that reason. Though less frequently reported, non-adherence lasted longer when patient did not know how to take their medicines, cost was a reason, or had concerns about the long term effects of the medicines.ConclusionsWith no significant improvement in adherence with T2D medicines over time, regardless of better awareness and extensive diabetes education, focus should be on individualized non-adherence reasons-based interventions.  相似文献   
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目的探讨急性主动脉夹层患者首发症状与院前延迟的关系,为临床实施院前针对性健康教育提供参考。方法选取急性主动脉夹层患者488例,收集患者首发症状、一般资料、疾病相关因素、院前相关因素及院前时间,分析首发症状与院前延迟的关系。结果患者院前时间为135.5(48.3, 1 735.5) min,其中院前时间≤150 min 253例(51.8%),>150 min(即院前延迟)235例(48.2%);首发症状多为胸背痛[146例(29.9%)],其次为胸前痛124例(25.4%)、腹痛121例(24.8%)。Logistic回归分析发现自觉病情严重程度、胸背痛是院前延迟的保护因素(P<0.01),腹痛、四肢麻木/疼痛是急性主动脉夹层患者院前延迟的危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论急性主动脉夹层患者常以胸背痛为首发症状,腹痛与四肢麻木/疼痛非典型症状是导致急性主动脉夹层患者出现院前延迟的主要因素。需对公众加强疾病相关知识的健康教育,早期采取正确的应对方式,积极就医,缩短院前时间。  相似文献   
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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Harmonic Focus+ scissors with the conventional surgical method regarding surgical blood loss and transfusion of blood products in the surgical treatment of head and neck tumours. In a retrospective study, the intraoperative blood loss, number of units of transfusion products given, operating time, and inpatient length of stay of 74 patients with squamous cell carcinoma were compared. Patients who underwent classic tumour surgery were compared with a group treated with Harmonic Focus+ scissors. A significantly lower intraoperative blood loss (496.15?ml vs 1096.0?ml, respectively; P?=?0.002) and shorter operation time (436.89 minutes vs 493.13 minutes, respectively; P?=?0.030) were achieved using the Harmonic Focus+ scissors when compared to the classic tumour surgery. Additionally, fewer units of blood products needed to be transfused (administration of red cell concentrates, P?<?0.001) and the length of stay in the intensive care unit was shorter for patients treated with the Harmonic Focus+ scissors (P?=?0.009). The study results indicate that the use of Harmonic Focus+ scissors during surgery for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx is a safe and cost-effective method. This is of paramount importance during a pandemic when medical resources are scarce, including access to blood reserves.  相似文献   
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目的 对2019—2021年天津市人民医院贝伐珠单抗的临床应用情况进行评价,以期促进贝伐珠单抗超说明书用药的管理及其临床合理应用。方法 回顾性分析天津市人民医院2019年1月—2021年12月使用贝伐珠单抗患者的用药信息,根据说明书及指南评价其应用的合理性。结果 共收集1 313例患者(6 134次医嘱),通过适应症、治疗方案、用法用量3个方面评价应用合理性。结果 显示,存在适应症不适宜情况占比0.07%,用法用量不适宜情况占比4.77%,其中包括给药浓度不适宜(1.21%)、给药途径不适宜(0.23%)、与手术间隔时间不适宜(3.33%)。结论 天津市人民医院贝伐珠单抗的临床应用基本符合国内外说明书及指南要求,但也存在一定的超说明书用药情况。医院及临床药师应持续规范抗肿瘤药物超说明书使用的管理,促进抗肿瘤药物的合理应用。  相似文献   
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