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1.
《Vaccine》2022,40(12):1904-1912
IntroductionOur objective was to describe and compare self-reported side effects of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA.MethodsA web-based registry enrolled volunteers who received a COVID-19 vaccine between March 19–July 15, 2021. We collected self-reported short-term side effects, medical consultation, hospitalization, and quality of life impact following completed vaccination regimens (Pfizer, Moderna, J&J).ResultsWe recruited 6,966 volunteers who completed their full course of vaccination (median age 48 years, IQR 35.0–62.0; 83.6% female): Pfizer 3,486; Moderna 2,857; J&J 623. Few (3.1%) sought medical care for post-vaccination side effects. Hospitalization (n = 17; 0.3%) and severe allergic reactions (n = 39; 0.6%) also were rare. Those with autoimmune disease or lung disease were approximately twice as likely to seek medical care (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.01, 95% CI:1.39; 2.92 and aOR 1.70, 95% CI: 1.12; .58 respectively). 92.4% of participants reported ≥ 1 side effect (median 3), with injection site reactions (78.9%), fatigue (70.3%), headache (49.0%) reported most frequently. More side effects were reported after the second dose of two-dose vaccines (medians: 1 vs. 2 for Pfizer and 1 vs. 3 for Moderna for first and second doses respectively) versus 3 for J&J's single-dose vaccine. For the employed, the median number of workdays missed was one. Diabetics and those vaccinated against influenza were substantially less likely to report 3 or more symptoms (aOR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.56;0.82] and aOR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.73;0.93, respectively).DiscussionThe total side effect burden was, not unexpectedly, greater with two-dose regimens but all three vaccines appear relatively safe. Very few subjects reported side effects serious enough to warrant medical care or reported post-vaccination hospitalization. While these findings do not address possible long-term effects, they do inform on their short-term safety and tolerability and will hopefully provide some reassurance and positively inform the benefit-risk and pharmacoeconomic assessment for all three vaccines.See Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04368065.  相似文献   
2.
《Vaccine》2022,40(26):3490-3494
The current WHO Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of live attenuated yellow fever vaccines were adopted in 2010. This document recommends that vaccine virus master and working seed lots should be tested for viscerotropism, immunogenicity and neurovirulence in monkeys. A vaccine manufacturer has reported, recently, discrepancies on the clinical scoring of monkeys during assessment of working seed lots and suggested aligning neurotropism assessment of yellow fever vaccines virus seed lots with that of neurovirulence testing of polio vaccines virus seed lots. In this approach, clinical signs are recorded but do not form part of the assessment or pass/fail criteria. At its 71st meeting in August 2020, the ECBS agreed to establish a drafting group and to consult with manufacturers and other stakeholders on the proposed amendment. Then a survey had been conducted to seek opinions of stakeholders on the neurotropism testing and revision of current WHO Recommendations for yellow fever vaccines. It was recognized from the answers of the survey that the test for neurovirulence in monkeys presents several technical challenges which could be addressed in the amended version of the Recommendations.On 18–19 March 2021, a virtual WHO working group meeting was held to discuss a proposed draft of the amended text with participants of yellow fever vaccine manufacturers and relevant regulators. Overall, there was a consensus among manufacturers and regulators that clinical evaluation provides important information and should be retained as part of the neurotropism test. However, there was also agreement that the test is somewhat subjective, and that analysis can be difficult. It was recognized that there was potential for improvement in both test execution and analysis to increase harmonization between manufacturers. Alternative tests to the non-human primates neurovirulence test would be useful but it was agreed that none seem to be sufficiently developed at present. Based on these working group discussions, it was proposed that the appendix on neurotropism test to be further revised by the WHO drafting group and submitted to ECBS for review and adoption.Issues other than neurotropism test were discussed in the meeting as well. There were a number of points identified during the meeting, such as new platform of production, animal models, deep sequencing, international standards, that are outside the current recommendations that are worthy of further discussion. Therefore, it is recommended that there would be a future meeting with various stakeholders to discuss the potential revision of the whole Recommendations for yellow fever vaccines in order to meet the current needs.  相似文献   
3.
《Vaccine》2022,40(40):5828-5834
BackgroundTyphoid fever is a common disease in developing countries especially in the Indian subcontinent and Africa. The available typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) have been found to be highly immunogenic in infants and children less than 2 years of age. Many countries are planning to adopt TCV in their routine EPI programs around 9 months of age when measles containing vaccines are given. Therefore, Vi-DT TCV was tested in 9–15 months aged healthy infants in Nepal to demonstrate non-interference with a measles containing vaccine.MethodsThis was a randomized, open label, phase III study to assess the immune non-interference, safety, and reactogenicity of Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine when given concomitantly with measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. A total of 360 participants aged 9–15 months were enrolled and randomized equally into Vi-DT + MMR (180 participants) or MMR alone (180 participants) group and were evaluated for immunogenicity and safety 28 days post vaccination.ResultsUsing the immunogenicity set, difference between proportions (95% CI) of the Vi-DT + MMR group vs MMR alone group were ?2.73% (-8.85, 3.38), ?3.19% (-11.25, 4.88) and 2.91% (-3.36, 9.18) for sero-positivity rate of anti-measles, anti-mumps and anti- rubella, respectively. Only the lower bound of the range in difference of the proportions for sero-positivity rate of anti-mumps did not satisfy the non-inferiority criteria as it was above the ?10% limit, which may not be of clinical significance. These results were confirmed in the per protocol set. There were no safety concerns reported from the study and both Vi-DT + MMR and MMR alone groups were comparable in terms of solicited and unsolicited adverse events .ConclusionsResults indicated that there is non-interference of MMR vaccine with Vi-DT and Vi-DT conjugate vaccine could be considered as an addition to the EPI schedule among children at risk of contracting typhoid.  相似文献   
4.
流感是由流感病毒引发的急性呼吸道传染病,每年可引起季节性流行。疫苗接种是预防和控制流感流行和大流行期间病毒感染的主要方法,目前流感疫苗生产主要仍依赖鸡胚培养技术,但近年来,使用动物细胞基质代替鸡胚培养已成为流感疫苗技术创新的重要趋势。随着贴壁培养及无血清全悬浮培养等培养技术在生物制药领域的发展,已有多种动物细胞系用于流感疫苗生产。本文简要综述近年来动物细胞培养技术在流感疫苗研发中的应用进展。  相似文献   
5.
《Vaccine》2022,40(32):4440-4452
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission has become a global priority. Previously, we showed that a protein subunit vaccine that was developed based on the fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (RBD-Fc), produced in Nicotiana benthamiana, and adjuvanted with alum, namely, Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1, induced potent immunological responses in both mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Hence, this study evaluated the protective efficacy, safety, and toxicity of Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1 in K18-hACE2 mice, monkeys and Wistar rats. Two doses of vaccine were administered three weeks apart on Days 0 and 21. The administration of the vaccine to K18-hACE2 mice reduced viral loads in the lungs and brains of the vaccinated animals and protected the mice against challenge with SARS-CoV-2. In monkeys, the results of safety pharmacology tests, general clinical observations, and a core battery of studies of three vital systems, namely, the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, did not reveal any safety concerns. The toxicology study of the vaccine in rats showed no vaccine-related pathological changes, and all the animals remained healthy under the conditions of this study. Furthermore, the vaccine did not cause any abnormal toxicity in rats and was clinically tolerated even at the highest tested concentration. In addition, general health status, body temperature, local toxicity at the administration site, hematology, and blood chemistry parameters were also monitored. Overall, this work presents the results of the first systematic study of the safety profile of a plant-derived vaccine, Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1; this approach can be considered a viable strategy for the development of vaccines against COVID-19.  相似文献   
6.
《Drug discovery today》2022,27(2):384-389
Proposals to waive intellectual property rights (IPRs) on coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-related developments have gained considerable support among politicians, including from US President Biden, academics, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the media, and the general public. However, there are surprisingly few reflections about the short- and long-term consequences for medical innovation, particularly the development of new drugs and vaccines. In this feature, I reflect on the consequences for innovative entrepreneurial companies, the incentives to innovate, and consequences for international knowledge flows to low- and middle-income countries. I conclude that waiving IPRs reduces opportunities for entrepreneurial companies to attract sufficient funding for developing medical innovations. Low- and middle-income countries might suffer reduced knowledge inflows in the absence of IPRs that undermine their ability to develop medical innovations.  相似文献   
7.
8.
孕妇感染新型冠状病毒(简称新冠病毒)后易发生重型或危重型肺炎,增加不良妊娠和分娩结局,因此孕妇是预防新冠病毒感染的重点人群。研究证实,孕妇接种新冠病毒疫苗后能有效预防新冠病毒感染,未出现不良事件增多。结合我国实际情况,本专家建议提出妊娠不是接种新冠病毒疫苗(尤其是灭活疫苗)的禁忌证。在存在感染新冠病毒风险的情况下,建议按程序接种新冠病毒疫苗,孕早、中、晚期均可接种。备孕或哺乳期妇女亦可按常规接种新冠病毒疫苗,接种疫苗后可正常哺乳。  相似文献   
9.
PurposeSpecific antibody deficiency (SAD) involves a deficient response to a polysaccharide vaccine despite having normal immunoglobulin levels. The failure of the polysaccharide response can be observed as a component of various primary antibody deficiencies. However, only a few studies have described the clinical and immunological profiles in SAD and/or other primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) in adults.MethodsA total of 47 patients who had a clinical history suggestive of antibody deficiency or had already been diagnosed with various antibody deficiencies were enrolled. Polysaccharide responses to 7 pneumococcal serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F) were measured using the World Health Organization enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (WHO-ELISA), and postvaccination immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were compared to clinical and laboratory parameters.ResultsBased on the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) criteria for the WHO-ELISA, 11 (23.4%) patients were diagnosed as having SAD. Sixteen-three percent of them had combined with other types of PID, such as IgG subclass deficiency and hypogammaglobulinemia. Postvaccination IgG titers for the serotypes 4/9V/18C correlated with IgG2 (P = 0.012, P = 0.001, and P = 0.004) and for 6B/9V/14 with IgG3 (P = 0.003, P = 0.041, and P = 0.036, respectively). The IgG3 subclass levels negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, %) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).ConclusionSAD can be diagnosed in patients with normal IgG levels as well as in those deficient in IgG or the IgG3 subclass, implicating that restricted responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide antigens commonly exist in patients with predominantly antibody deficiency.  相似文献   
10.
目的 探讨广州市白纹伊蚊不同地理种群的遗传多样性、遗传分化和系统发育关系。方法 本实验于2020年9月至2020年11月期间,采集广州市11个行政区的共计15个白纹伊蚊种群。单只蚊虫提取基因组DNA,通过PCR法扩增COI基因序列并测序,获得的序列在GenBank上经过BLAST比对。BioEdit 7.2软件观察序列峰图。MEGA X软件对齐序列,分析碱基组成,构建系统发育树(NJ法)。DNAsp 6.12软件分析位点多态性,单倍型及其多样性,进行错配分布分析。Arlequin 3.5软件进行分子变异分析、进行中性检验。DAMBE 7.2软件分析序列的系统发育信号。 PopART 1.7软件构建单倍型网络图(Median joining法)。结果 广州市15个白纹伊蚊种群共获得642条序列,其长度为603 bp。A碱基加T碱基平均含量是67.5%,符合线粒体DNA的AT偏向性。单倍型分析共检出45种单倍型,其中单倍型1为优势单倍型。中性检验表明广州市部分种群不符合中性理论,但大部分种群都经历过种群扩张,而错配分布却表明仅有少部分种群经历过种群扩张。Mantel检验表明15个白纹伊蚊种群不存在地理隔离现象。种群遗传分化显示各种群间交流较频繁,且种群间的遗传分化很低,差异更多来自于个体间。结论 广州市的白纹伊蚊种群间基因交流较频繁,遗传分化小,遗传多样性偏低。这可能使不同地理种群的白纹伊蚊具有相似的媒介能力。  相似文献   
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