Resistant Starch Content in Foods Commonly Consumed in the United States: A Narrative Review

Resistant starch (RS; types 1 to 5) cannot be digested in the small intestine and thus enters the colon intact, with some types capable of being fermented by gut microbes. As a fiber, types 1, 2, 3, and 5 are found naturally in foods, while types 2, 3, and 4 can be added to foods as a functional ingredient. This narrative review identifies RS content in whole foods commonly consumed in the United States. Scientific databases (n=3) were searched by two independent researchers. Ninety-four peer-reviewed articles published between 1982 and September 2018 were selected in which the RS was quantified and the food preparation method before analysis was suitable for consumption. The RS from each food item was adjusted for moisture if the RS value was provided as percent dry weight. Each food item was entered into a database according to food category, where the weighted mean±weighted standard deviation was calculated. The range of RS values and overall sample size for each food category were identified. Breads, breakfast cereals, snack foods, bananas and plantains, grains, pasta, rice, legumes, and potatoes contain RS. Foods that have been cooked then chilled have higher RS than cooked foods. Foods with higher amylose concentrations have higher RS than native varieties. The data from this database will serve as a resource for health practitioners to educate and support patients and clients interested in increasing their intake of RS-rich foods and for researchers to formulate dietary interventions with RS foods and examine associated health outcomes.     

Synthesis and evaluation of the structural and physicochemical properties of carboxymethyl pregelatinized starch as a pharmaceutical excipient

A pregelatinized starch (PGS) was derivatized with sodium chloroacetate (SCA) in alcoholic medium under alkaline condition to produce carboxymethyl pregelatinized starch (CMPGS) with various degrees of substitution (DS). Influence of the molar ratio of SCA to the glucopyranose units (SCA/GU), reaction time, temperature and the amount of sodium hydroxide on the degree of substitution (DS) and the reaction efficiency (RE) was studied. An optimal concentration of 30% of NaOH, for a reaction time of 1 h at 50 °C and molar ratio (SCA/GU) equal to 1.0, yielded an optimal DS of 0.55 and a RE of 55%. SEM micrographs revealed that the carboxymethylation assigned the structural arrangement of CMPGS and caused the granular disintegration. Wide angle diffraction X-ray (XRD) showed that the crystallinity of starch was obviously varied after carboxymethylation. New bands in FTIR spectra at 1417 and 1603 cm⁻¹ indicated the presence of carboxymethyl groups. The solubility and viscosity of CMPGS increased with an increase in the degree of modification. In order to investigate the influence of DS on physical and drug release properties, CMPGS obtained with DS in the range of 0.12–0.55 was evaluated as tablet excipient for sustained drug release. Dissolution tests performed in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), with Ibuprofen as drug model (25% loading) showed that CMPGS seems suitable to be used as sustained release excipient since the drug release was driven over a period up to 8 h. The in vitro release kinetics studies revealed that all formulations fit well with Korsmeyer-Peppas model and the mechanism of drug release is non-Fickian diffusion.     

阿托伐他汀钙联合羟乙基淀粉注射液治疗分水岭脑梗死的临床效果研究

目的分析阿托伐他汀钙联合羟乙基淀粉注射液对分水岭脑梗死患者急性期和远期临床治疗效果。方法选取本院2013年2月至2014年6月收治的分水岭脑梗死患者78例为研究对象,采用随机数表法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组各39例,两组患者均给予稳压、降糖、抗血小板聚集等常规治疗,对照组患者在此基础上加用阿托伐他汀钙,观察组患者给予阿托伐他汀钙联合羟乙基淀粉注射液,比较两组患者急性期和远期的临床效果。结果治疗后7天,观察组患者日常生活能力和神经功能恢复均明显优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后3个月,观察组患者神经功能及日常生活能力恢复均明显优于对照组,且治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(χ2=7.47,P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀钙联合羟乙基淀粉注射液在分水岭脑梗死患者急性期和远期均有较好的临床治疗效果。     

Preparation and characterization of co-processed starch/MCC/chitin hydrophilic polymers onto magnesium silicate

It was aimed to investigate the compressibility, compactibility, powder flow and tablet disintegration of a new excipient comprising magnesium (Mg) silicate co-processed (5%–85% w/w) onto chitin, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and starch as the hydrophilic polymers of interest. Initially, the mechanism of tablet disintegration was studied by measuring water infiltration rate, moisture sorption, swelling capacity and hydration ability. Moreover, the powders compression behavior was carried out by applying Kawakita model of compression analysis in addition to porosity and radial tensile strength measurements. In vitro drug release of compacts made of 400?mg ibuprofen and 300?mg of the hydrophilic polymers containing 30% w/w Mg silicate co-precipitate was investigated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). This work demonstrated that the incorporation of Mg silicate to the hydrophilic polymers lead to the improvement of powder flowability, compactibility, stability (with regard to storage conditions), compacts crushing strength, and disintegration time in addition to faster drug release. The overall findings are practically advantageous in the context of finding a low cost and multifunctional co-processed excipient of natural origins.     

Making All Medications Gluten Free

Gluten is found in food containing wheat, rye, and barley, and it may be introduced into medicines through the use of starch or any modified form of starch derived from these grains. The ingestion of gluten poses serious health hazards to people with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and they must avoid the oral ingestion of gluten. In 2011, the Food and Drug Administration solicited information and public comments on ‘gluten in drug products.’ However, the ‘final rule’ that the Agency issued in 2013 involved only the voluntary ‘gluten-free’ labeling of food, and it did not include drug products. In this commentary, we are proposing that all drug products can and should be made gluten free. This is especially important since there is currently a global trade in medicines, and patients and health care providers do not know whether a product is gluten free or not unless they are labeled as such. All drug products can be made gluten free as there are many alternatives to gluten-containing starch that can be used as excipients during their formulation. Global collaborative efforts of regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and excipient manufacturers will be needed to implement a gluten-free medication policy and new regulatory guidelines.     

淀粉类黏合剂黏度曲线的测定

目的 测定不同类型淀粉类黏合剂的黏度曲线,确定其使用的最佳浓度范围。方法 探索不同类型淀粉的配制方法,采用数字旋转黏度计测定不同种类淀粉黏合剂在不同温度下的黏度并绘制黏度曲线图。结果 不同种类的淀粉制成淀粉浆的黏度差异较大;所考察的5种淀粉浆的黏度拐点温度范围为40~50℃;预胶化淀粉和部分预胶化淀粉适合采用煮桨法配制淀粉浆,其他3种淀粉适合采用冲浆法配制淀粉浆。结论 作为淀粉浆使用的最佳浓度范围分别是：玉米淀粉5%~8%,可溶性淀粉6%~8%,预胶化淀粉5%~8%,部分预胶化淀粉5%~8%,SWELSTARTMWB-1 1%~5%。     

高容血液稀释对正颌外科病人血液动力学和凝血功能的影响

目的 探讨术前急性高容量血液稀释对正颌外科病人血液动力学和凝血功能的影响，评估该方法临床应用的价值。方法 选择择期行正颌外科双颔手术的病人40例，随机分为ABCD四组，每组10例。A为贺斯实验组。术前输注6％羟乙基淀粉和乳酸林格液各占总量1／2，行急性高容血液稀释；B为贺斯对照组，用6％羟乙基淀粉和乳酸林格液补充术中丢失血液和体液；C为佳乐施实验组，术前输注4％琥珀酰明胶和乳酸林格液各占总量1／2，行急性高容血液稀释；D为佳乐施对照组，用4％琥珀酰明胶和乳酸林格液补充术中丢失血液和体液。四组病例术中均采用硝普钠控制性降压，平均动脉压（MAP）控制在50～60mmHg。实验组在插管后稀释前即刘（T0），稀释后手术开始前即刻（T1），手术结束即刻（T2），术后第一日8AM（T3）时；对照组在手术开始前即刻（T1），手术结束即刘（T2），术后第一日8AM（T3）时，记录RBC、HBG、HCT及凝血指标的变化，以及血液动力学的变化。结果 MAP：A、C组T1低于T0（P〈0．01）；T2高于T1（P〈0．01）。HR：A、C组T2高于T0、T1（P〈0．01）。RBC、HGB、HCT和PLT：A、C组T1低于T0（P〈0．01），T3升高超过T1且接近T0。结论 术前急性高容量血液稀释对正颌外科病人血液动力学的稳定影响小，能减少血液的丢失。贺斯与佳乐施两种胶体液均可引起部分凝血指标的改变，但二者均不影响凝血功能。可以作为正颌外科手术选择性应用的一种有效的辅助方法。     

Effects of dietary consistency and water content on parotid amylase secretion and gastric starch digestion in rats

The aim was to estimate the significance of oral sensation and mastication in inducing amylase secretion from the parotid gland and subsequent starch digestion in the stomach. Rats were fed three diets of similar chemical composition but different physical presentations. Two were solid, either pellets or powder, and one was liquid. Oral sensory activity would be greatest with the pellets and least with the liquid. Only the pellets would require significant mastication. Three criteria were used to estimate amylase secretion, amylase activity in the stomach, the depletion of glandular amylase activity and plasma amylase concentrations. Gastric starch digestion was estimated by measuring the concentration of reducing-sugars in the stomach contents. Parotid amylase secretion and gastric starch digestion were similar whether rats were fed pelleted or powdered solid food but much lower in rats fed a liquid diet. These findings support the view that it is the contact of dry food with the oral mucosa rather than the jaw movements involved in mastication that stimulates parotid amylase secretion.     

双抗联合羟乙基淀粉治疗短暂性脑缺血发作近期疗效

目的观察阿司匹林、硫酸氢氯吡格雷联合羟乙基淀粉治疗短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)伴颅内血管狭窄近期疗效及安全性。方法收集2018年6月至2020年6月北部战区总医院神经内科确诊98例短暂性脑缺血发作伴颅内血管狭窄患者的临床资料。根据用药情况分为观察组(阿司匹林+硫酸氢氯吡格雷+羟乙基淀粉,n=48)与对照组(阿司匹林+硫酸氢氯吡格雷,n=50)。观察两组7 d内有效率及不良反应。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(93.75%vs. 78.00%),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.961,P=0.026)。观察组不良事件4例,对照组不良事件1例,差异无统计学意义(8.34%vs. 2.00%,χ2=0.932,P=0.334)。结论双抗联合羟乙基淀粉对TIA伴有颅内血管狭窄有效,且有良好的安全性。