Efficient polymer nanoparticle-mediated delivery of gene editing reagents into human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

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藏族药“杂赤”的品种 基原与标准整理

藏族药（以下简称藏药）“杂赤”又称“杂赤确”“杂赤巴帽卡”等，产于四川、西藏等地，是一种治疗肝胆疾病的常用藏药。通过梳理查阅有关文献与标准发现，“杂赤”可以按正品、副品（替代品）和类同品分类，也可以按黑、白品种分类。其基原包含菊科12属约30种植物，涉及风毛菊属、苦荬菜属、小苦荬属及岩参属植物，各属植物功能主治基本相同。“杂赤”的品种整理、质量比较、药用历史和现状总结能够为“杂赤”的合理使用提供参考。     

New RANZCR clinical radiology written report guidelines

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) Radiology Written Report Guideline was first issued in 2011. A survey‐based consultation of clinical radiology members of the college in 2015 found that the vast majority of 235 respondents supported all components of the guideline. Since the original guideline was developed, considerable new research has been published about radiology reporting, particularly regarding structured/template reports. In 2016/17 a RANZCR working group used the consultation results, stakeholder feedback and recent research to develop revised guidelines. This article outlines the consultation survey results and guideline revision process as well as some of the supporting evidence from the literature.     

薄层色谱法在当前中药质量标准中的应用探讨

薄层色谱鉴别在历版《中国药典》中的应用经历了从无到有、从少到多的过程；而薄层扫描含量测定在最近几版《中国药典》中的应用比例逐渐降低。随着对中药质量标准体系要求的进一步提高，薄层色谱法的不足之处陆续显现，如仪器普及率低、设备并不简单、结果重复性和稳定性较差、鉴别速度及准确性不及高效液相色谱法、展开剂毒性大等，逐渐不合时宜。在制定中药质量标准时，研究者不应该墨守成规，薄层色谱鉴别也不应该是雷打不动的定性鉴别必备选项。高效液相色谱法具备完全取代薄层色谱法的可行性，薄层色谱法可作为高效液相色谱法的补充。为充分降低检测成本、缩短检测周期、提高鉴别效率，笔者建议中药质量标准体系应该大幅减少薄层色谱鉴别方法的应用，增加高效液相特征图谱鉴定，尽量做到“一个条件，一张图谱”；除非确有必要，《中国药典》等国家质量标准体系应将薄层色谱鉴别作为推荐方法，而非强制标准。     

基于中药质量标志物和传统用法的中药饮片标准汤剂传承发展研究思路与建议

中药汤剂(也称煎剂)是中医师最常用的中药复方剂型,也是中药历史上应用最久和最广的制剂。药材是饮片的原料,饮片是制备提取物、构成中医处方和中药制剂的原料,更体现了传承发展中药的重要性。基于中药饮片标准汤剂,科学认识汤剂质量,提高药典饮片和中成药质量评价研究理论和方法是科学发展的重要策略。开展以中医药理论为指导、临床应用为基础的中药饮片标准汤剂研究,基于中药质量标志物理论和研究方法探讨饮片和煎煮工艺的影响,形成标准汤剂的质量评价体系,既有利于确保中医处方用药的安全和疗效,也有利于认识标准汤剂在"药材-饮片-中成药"的质量及其标准的差异和价值,提升国家对中药饮片监管水平,保障人民用药安全和有效;还有利于认识标准汤剂在中药饮片生产、中药配方颗粒及经典名方的传承研发中的重要意义。     

雅安市社区在管严重精神障碍患者现状研究

目的了解雅安市社区在管严重精神障碍患者的现况,为改进雅安市严重精神障碍管理治疗工作提出可行性建议。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取雅安市纳入社区管理的严重精神障碍患者1 002例,采用重性精神疾病管理随访表调查患者规范管理情况、服药情况、居家稳定情况以及肇事肇祸情况。结果完成有效问卷803份,雅安市社区在管严重精神障碍患者规范管理率为93. 03%(95%CI:91. 30%~94. 80%),服药率为65. 13%(95%CI:61. 80%~68. 40%),规律服药率为50. 44%(95%CI:47. 00%~53. 90%),居家稳定率为90. 78%(95%CI:88. 80%~92. 80%)。肇事肇祸发生率为4. 61%(95%CI:3. 20%~6. 10%)。结论雅安市严重精神障碍患者规范管理率、规律服药率达到国家标准,服药率尚未达到国家标准,居家稳定率较高,肇事肇祸率较低。     

Lethal consequences of home cot modification

Sleeping accidents are a particular risk for infants and young children as they lack an understanding of potentially dangerous situations and are unable to self-extricate. These situations may result in deaths from asphyxia. While safety campaigns have focused on the faulty design of cots that are available for sale, modification of cots at home represents another potential problem area. A 17-month-old girl was found dead with her head wedged between the top side rail of her cot and a broomstick, which had been attached in an attempt to raise the height of the cot side. Death was due to neck compression from head entrapment. This case demonstrates that infant and toddler safe sleeping programmes should alert carers to the potential dangers of structurally altering cots or beds. Home modifications may create dangerous gaps that could result in entrapment with lethal neck compression; such alterations should be carefully assessed and documented by forensic death scene investigators.     

Clustering clinical models from local electronic health records based on semantic similarity

BackgroundClinical models in electronic health records are typically expressed as templates which support the multiple clinical workflows in which the system is used. The templates are often designed using local rather than standard information models and terminology, which hinders semantic interoperability. Semantic challenges can be solved by harmonizing and standardizing clinical models. However, methods supporting harmonization based on existing clinical models are lacking. One approach is to explore semantic similarity estimation as a basis of an analytical framework. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and apply methods for intrinsic similarity-estimation based analysis that can compare and give an overview of multiple clinical models.MethodFor a similarity estimate to be intrinsic it should be based on an established ontology, for which SNOMED CT was chosen. In this study, Lin similarity estimates and Sokal and Sneath similarity estimates were used together with two aggregation techniques (average and best-match-average respectively) resulting in a total of four methods. The similarity estimations are used to hierarchically cluster templates. The test material consists of templates from Danish and Swedish EHR systems. The test material was used to evaluate how the four different methods perform.Result and discussionThe best-match-average aggregation technique performed better in terms of clustering similar templates than the average aggregation technique. No difference could be seen in terms of the choice of similarity estimate in this study, but the finding may be different for other datasets. The dendrograms resulting from the hierarchical clustering gave an overview of the templates and a basis of further analysis.ConclusionHierarchical clustering of templates based on SNOMED CT and semantic similarity estimation with best-match-average aggregation technique can be used for comparison and summarization of multiple templates. Consequently, it can provide a valuable tool for harmonization and standardization of clinical models.     

Sexual debut and college entrance among South Korean adolescents

IntroductionFor the past few decades, numerous theoretical perspectives have predicted a negative association between adolescent sexual debut and the probability of college entrance. The present article extends the literature by using nationally representative longitudinal data from South Korea to assess these perspectives.MethodsDrawing on longitudinal data from South Korea, this article examined the impact of becoming sexually active between 8th and 12th grades on the probability of college entrance. We controlled for a wide array of confounding variables by using logit models that account for longitudinal attrition and school-based sampling design.ResultsAnalytical results showed that the initiation of sexual intercourse during adolescence predicted a statistically significant decrease in the probability of college entrance for both boys and girls. Gender-specific analyses suggested that, on average, sexual debut in adolescence was associated with a decrease of 10.3 percentage points in the probability of college entrance for boys and a decrease of 14.7 percentage points for girls.ConclusionsThese findings strongly support the theoretical perspectives of age norm theory and sexual double standards in South Korea, where strictly conservative attitudes toward sexuality and sexual behaviors are dominant.