应用Delphi法和AHP法构建中小学校公共卫生应急能力评估指标体系研究

目的 构建中小学校公共卫生应急能力指标体系,为加强中小学公共卫生应急处置能力建设提供科学依据。方法 在专家咨询和文献回顾的基础上,选取疾控专家、学校领导和校医共40人为调查对象,使用德尔菲法(Delphi)初步确定各级指标,使用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)确定各级指标的权重,建立中小学公共卫生应急能力指标体系。结果 指标体系由4个一级指标、12个二级指标、51个三级指标组成。4个一级指标分别为基础保障能力、应急队伍建设、应急体系建设、事件应对能力,权重系数分别为0.496 8、0.286 0、0.119 0和0.098 3。模型具有较好的一致性,一级指标CR=0.095 8,各项二级指标CR值均小于0.1。结论 本研究通过定量方法建立的指标体系具有较高可信度和实用性,可为中小学公共卫生能力建设提供科学依据。     

Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Academic Achievement is Stronger in High‐SES Elementary Schools Compared to Low

BACKGROUND

Academic achievement is influenced by factors at the student, school, and community levels. We estimated the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness performance on academic performance at the school level in Georgia elementary schools and examined effect modification by sociodemographic factors.

METHODS

This study is a repeat cross‐sectional analysis of Georgia elementary schools between 2011 and 2014 (approximately 1138 schools per year). Multivariable beta regression estimated the effect of the proportion of 4th and 5th graders meeting cardiorespiratory fitness standards on the proportion of 5th graders passing standardized tests for Reading, English and Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies and considered potential interaction by school‐level socioeconomic status (SES), racial composition, and urbanity.

RESULTS

There was a 0.15 higher estimated odds (OR: 1.15 (1.09, 1.22)) of passing the mathematics standardized test for every 10‐percentage‐point increase in school‐level cardiorespiratory fitness among high‐SES schools and 0.04 higher odds (OR: 1.04 (1.02, 1.05)) for low‐SES schools. This pattern was similar for other academic subjects. No effect modification by racial composition or urbanity was observed for any academic subject.

CONCLUSIONS

Promoting physical fitness may be effective in improving academic performance among high‐SES schools, but additional strategies may be needed among lower‐SES schools.

     

Addressing Gaps in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education: Training Middle School Students in Hands‐Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

BACKGROUND

Training middle school students to perform hands‐only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (HOCPR) is a potential method to increase overall rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We aimed to examine the feasibility of teaching this population CPR using teacher‐implemented education sessions guided by American Heart Association (AHA) training kits and resources.

METHODS

We conducted a national HOCPR training campaign in middle schools during the 2014‐2015 school year. Participating schools utilized AHA CPR training kits to train seventh and eighth grade students. We assessed pretest/posttest knowledge and comfort in performing HOCPR.

RESULTS

We recruited 1131 schools and trained approximately 334,610 students in HOCPR. The average pretest score on knowledge questions was 50% and the average posttest score was 84%. Most students (76%) felt comfortable performing HOCPR after the education session. Overall, 98% of teachers said they would continue to implement CPR training in the future.

CONCLUSIONS

Large‐scale, teacher‐implemented CPR education sessions in the middle school setting are a successful approach to increase middle school student's knowledge and comfort in performing HOCPR and to increase overall bystander CPR rates.

     

From rakhi to romance: negotiating ‘acceptable’ relationships in co-educational secondary schools in New Delhi,India

Based on a multi-method study conducted with middle-class young people (aged 15–17) in three secondary schools in New Delhi, India, this paper focuses on heterosocial dynamics within school peer cultures as an important site of learning about gender and sexuality. Findings indicate that young people negotiate and adapt rakhi (brother-sister) relationships to form less strictly platonic heterosocial friendships, which leave open the possibility of romance. Students’ preferences for certain heterosocial relationships are considered within the context of wider cultural narratives. For example, students often rejected rakhi relationships, tied to traditional, conservative values, in favour of heterosocial friendships associated with more modern and desirable social patterns. Moreover, students’ own definitions of acceptable heterosocial interactions within peer cultures suggest that they are adept at negotiating norms of gender segregation that are enforced in co-educational schools. In contrast to other formal and informal sources of sexual learning available to them, experiences and stories of romances circulating in schools seemed to offer students alternative, more positive ways of understanding teenage intimacy and sexuality.