A primary sellar esthesioneuroblastomas with unusual presentations: a case report and reviews of literatures

The development of an esthesioneuroblastoma outside to the region in which olfactory epithelium exists is extremely rare. Only nine cases were reported in the previous literatures. The author presents a 40 years-old man with ectopic esthesioneuroblastoma in sella turcica. In contrast to the previous nine cases, our case presented unusual presentations—CSF rhinorrhea and meningitis. Endoscopic transphenoid approach with removal of tumor and repair of dura defect followed by radiotherapy offered a good result in this case. Moreover, differential diagnosis and the origin of the ectopic esthsioneuroblastoma would be discussed.     

Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea and Seizure Caused by Temporo-Sphenoidal Encephalocele

This case report describes the symptoms and clinical course of a 35-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with a temporo-sphenoidal encephalocele. It is characterized by herniation of cerebral tissue of the temporal lobe through a defect of the skull base localized in the middle fossa. At the time of first presentation the patient complained about recurrent nasal discharge of clear fluid which had begun some weeks earlier. She also reported that three months earlier she had for the first time suffered from a generalized seizure. In a first therapeutic attempt an endoscopic endonasal approach to the sphenoid sinus was performed. An attempt to randomly seal the suspicious area failed. After frontotemporal craniotomy, it was possible to localize the encephalocele and the underlying bone defect. The herniated brain tissue was resected and the dural defect was closed with fascia of the temporalis muscle. In summary, the combination of recurrent rhinorrhea and a first-time seizure should alert specialists of otolaryngology, neurology and neurosurgery of a temporo-sphenoidal encephalocele as a possible cause. Treatment is likely to require a neurosurgical approach.     

肥胖与自发性脑脊液鼻漏的相关性研究

目的分析肥胖是否是自发性脑脊液鼻漏（CSFR）的独立危险因素，为预防自发性CSFR的发病及降低术后复发率提供依据。方法收集128例CSFR病例，其中男57例，女71例；年龄19~72岁，平均年龄（40.0±3.9）岁。所有患者均在鼻内镜下行脑脊液鼻漏修补术，采用中鼻甲或鼻中隔黏膜、明胶海绵贴补。所有患者入院时常规测量身高和体重，根据身高及体重计算体质指数（BMI），根据引起CSFR的病因将128例患者分为外伤性组、医源性组、肿瘤性组及自发性组。结果自发性组的BMI平均值为33.4 kg/m2，明显高于其他3组(外伤性组BMI平均值23.9 kg/m2,P=0.002;医源性组BMI平均值23.5 kg/m2,P=0.003;肿瘤性组BMI平均值21.3 kg/m2,P=0.000),差异均具有统计学意义。但外伤性组、医源性组与肿瘤性组的BMI经比较，差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。术后随访1年，所有患者无任何鼻部、眼部及颅底术后并发症，有5例患者术后出现复发：2例患者术后体重逐渐上升，二次手术修补，并告知患者降低体重，未再出现复发；1例患者自第1次出现复发后，自行进行减肥，未行手术治疗而自愈，随访至今，未再出现复发；2例患者无明显体重增加，二次手术修补后，未再出现复发。结论根据本研究结果，我们认为肥胖只是自发性CSFR的独立危险因素，与其他病因导致的CSFR没有相关性。控制体重是预防自发性CSFR及降低自发性CSFR术后复发率的一种重要举措。     

临床药师对垂体瘤卒中合并哮喘患者的术后药学监护

摘 要本文介绍1例有哮喘病史的患者行经蝶垂体瘤切除术后哮喘加重的案例。临床药师根据垂体瘤卒中急症特征及氢化可的松药动学特点，为患者制定了个体化的糖皮质激素替代治疗方案。在患者出现明显哮喘症状时及时调整糖皮质激素和支气管扩张剂。使用低剂量的右美托咪定适当镇静改善患者烦躁，避免患者自主呼吸与呼吸机对抗导致哮喘治疗不佳。治疗过程中，临床药师协助医师根据患者情况及时调整治疗方案，充分体现了临床药师在外科围手术期患者药物治疗管理中的价值。     

Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Nasal Symptoms in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: A Double-blind,Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial

Objective—To investigate the possible beneficial effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Material and Methods—Thirty-four patients (21 females, 13 males; mean age 28 years) were included in the study. AR was diagnosed by means of history, clinical examination and skin prick test. Patients were randomly divided into 3 subgroups a follows: in Group A, 20 units of BTX-A was injected into each nasal cavity (total 40 units); in Group B, 30 units of BTX-A was injected into each nasal cavity (total 60 units); and in Group C, 2 ml of isotonic saline was injected as placebo. The symptoms of AR (rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezing, itching) were scored by the patient on a six-point scale (from 0 to 5). All of the patients were followed up at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8; at each visit an anterior rhinoscopic examination was done and symptom scores were recorded.

Results—There was no statistically significant difference between Groups A and B in terms of average symptom scores. Rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction and sneezing scores in Groups A and B were significantly better than those in Group C at all time points. Although itching scores were significantly lower at Weeks 1 and 2, there was no difference in the Week 4,6 and 8 scores in Groups A and B. When total symptom scores were evaluated, the results for Groups A and B were similar but significantly better than those for Group C.

Conclusion—In selected cases, injection of 40 units of BTX-A into the turbinates, as a single agent, may help the symptomatic control of AR for up to 8 weeks.