同型半胱氨酸、维生素D、C、E、B12及叶酸与胃癌关系的研究进展北大核心

胃癌作为临床最常见的肿瘤之一,常因确诊疾病较晚而影响治疗效果,胃镜活检后的病理虽然作为确诊的金标准,但是由于此方式过程痛苦,操作复杂,费用较高,且具有侵入性,可能会导致患者拒绝操作而难普及于临床,因此积极找寻胃癌有效的监测指标十分必要。近年来,很多学者研究维生素与胃癌的相关关系,并试图通过摄取某些维生素降低胃癌发生率,延缓病情及改善预后,也有通过检测血清中维生素的水平给早期胃癌的诊断提供帮助。本文就同型半胱氨酸、维生素D、维生素C、维生素E、维生素B12及叶酸在胃癌中的作用机制,及其在血清中水平与胃癌关系的相关研究进展进行简要综述,为临床胃癌诊疗提供新思路。     

Viral hepatitis: Past,present, and future

Each hepatitis virus—Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G—poses a distinct scenario to the patient and clinician alike. Since the discovery of each virus, extensive knowledge regarding epidemiology, virologic properties, and the natural clinical and immunologic history of acute and chronic infections has been generated. Basic discoveries about host immunologic responses to acute and chronic viral infections, combined with virologic data, has led to vaccines to prevent Hepatitis A, B, and E and highly efficacious antivirals for Hepatitis B and C. These therapeutic breakthroughs are transforming the fields of hepatology, transplant medicine in general, and public and global health. Most notably, there is even an ambitious global effort to eliminate chronic viral hepatitis within the next decade. While attainable, there are many barriers to this goal that are being actively investigated in basic and clinical labs on the local, national, and international scales. Herein, we discuss pertinent clinical information and recent organizational guidelines for each of the individual hepatitis viruses while also synthesizing this information with the latest research to focus on exciting future directions for each virus.     

Fluoxetine-induced hepatic lipid accumulation is mediated by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 1 and is linked to elevated 15-deoxy-Δ12,14PGJ2

Major depressive disorder and other neuropsychiatric disorders are often managed with long-term use of antidepressant medication. Fluoxetine, an SSRI antidepressant, is widely used as a first-line treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, fluoxetine has also been shown to increase the risk of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fluoxetine has been shown to increase hepatic lipid accumulation in vivo and in vitro. In addition, fluoxetine has been shown to alter the production of prostaglandins which have also been implicated in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of fluoxetine exposure on the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway and lipid accumulation in a hepatic cell line (H4-II-E-C3 cells). Fluoxetine treatment increased mRNA expression of prostaglandin biosynthetic enzymes (Ptgs1, Ptgs2, and Ptgds), PPAR gamma (Pparg), and PPAR gamma downstream targets involved in fatty acid uptake (Cd36, Fatp2, and Fatp5) as well as production of 15-deoxy-Δ^12,14PGJ₂ a PPAR gamma ligand. The effects of fluoxetine to induce lipid accumulation were attenuated with a PTGS1 specific inhibitor (SC-560), whereas inhibition of PTGS2 had no effect. Moreover, SC-560 attenuated 15-deoxy-Δ^12,14PGJ₂ production and expression of PPAR gamma downstream target genes. Taken together these results suggest that fluoxetine-induced lipid abnormalities appear to be mediated via PTGS1 and its downstream product 15d-PGJ₂ and suggest a novel therapeutic target to prevent some of the adverse effects of fluoxetine treatment.     

Review of clinical characteristics,immune responses and regulatory mechanisms of hepatitis E-associated liver failure

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute liver failure (LF) and one of the most common factors causing acute injury in acute-on-chronic LF (ACLF). When HEV-related LF occurs, a series of changes take place in both the intrahepatic environment and extrahepatic microenvironment. The changed types and distribution of immune cells (infiltrating macrophages and increased lymphocytes) in liver tissue, as well the increased proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the blood, indicate that the occurrence and progression of HEV-related LF are closely related to immune imbalance. The clinical features and immune reaction in the body during HEV-related acute LF (ALF) and ACLF are complicated. This review highlights recent progress in elucidating the clinical manifestations of HEV-associated ALF and ACLF and discusses the corresponding systemic immune changes and possible regulatory mechanisms.     

基于网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨生脉注射液抗新型冠状病毒肺炎的作用机制

目的采用网络药理学与分子对接技术探讨生脉注射液的活性成分和治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的潜在作用机制。方法利用TCMSP及BATMAN-TCM数据库筛选生脉注射液的活性化合物,通过TCMSP及Targetnet在线数据库预测作用靶点,通过Cytoscape3.7.1构建活性成分-作用靶点网络图;在GeneCards及OMIM数据库中以"coronavirus pneumonia"为关键词搜索冠状病毒肺炎相关疾病靶点,与生脉注射液化合物靶点进行交集筛选出共同靶点作为研究靶点,将共同靶点导入STRING数据库获取数据后在Cytoscape 3.7.1软件中构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络图;利用R语言进行GO(gene ontology)功能、KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)通路富集分析,预测其作用机制,并构建"成分-靶点-通路"网络图;通过DiscoveryStudio 2.5软件对关键靶点进行分子对接分析。结果生脉注射液筛选得到22个活性化合物,分别为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、β-谷甾醇、当归酰基戈米辛O、戈米辛A、戈米辛R、五味子丙素、内南五味子酯乙、长南酸、南五味子内酯、香蒲木脂素B、新杜松烷酸A、新杜松烷酸B、新杜松烷酸C、新南五味子木脂宁、五味子内酯A、五味子内酯E、五味子酸、尿苷、薯蓣皂苷元、鸟嘌呤核苷、N-反式阿魏酰酪胺、豆甾醇。相应作用靶点224个,与COVID-19的共同靶点16个,分别为CASP3、CASP8、PTGS2、BCL2、BAX、PRKCA、PTGS1、PIK3CG、F10、NOS3、DPP4、NOS2、TLR9、ACE、ICAM1、PRKCE,关键靶点涉及CASP3、PTGS2、NOS2、NOS3、ICAM1。GO功能富集分析得到生物过程(BP)条目771个,细胞组成(CC)条目11个,分子功能(MF)条目79个。KEGG通路富集分析筛选得到67条(P0.05)信号通路,主要涉及糖尿病并发症AGE-RAGE信号通路、凋亡通路、P53信号通路、小细胞肺癌通路等。分子对接结果显示与关键靶点对接较好的成分有五味子内酯E、豆甾醇、N-反式阿魏酰酪胺。结论生脉注射液中的活性化合物五味子内酯E、豆甾醇、N-反式阿魏酰酪胺等能作用于CASP3、PTGS2、NOS2、NOS3等靶点调节多条信号通路发挥抗炎、免疫调节、抗休克、增加血氧饱和度等作用,从而可能发挥对COVID-19的治疗作用。     

滋阴清嗓汤对咳嗽变异性哮喘发作期患儿IgE、IL-4、IL-5水平的影响及安全性分析

目的:探究滋阴清嗓汤对咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)发作期患儿免疫球蛋白E(IgE)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-5(IL-5)的影响及安全性。方法:选取2018年1月—2019年6月在河南省儿童医院东三街院区呼吸科一病区住院治疗的170例CVA患儿,随机分为中医联合组(85例)和西医常规组(85例)。所有患儿均给予西医常规治疗,中医联合组加用滋阴清嗓汤。两组均连续治疗14 d后,观察并比较两组的疗效、症状改善时间、临床主要症状积分、外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)内IL-4、IL-5、血清IgE水平、呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)及肺功能指标水平。结果:中医联合组患儿痊愈率为80.00%(68/85),显著高于西医常规组痊愈率61.18%(52/85)(P<0.05)。中医联合组患儿症状改善时间(咳嗽减轻、咳嗽消退、夜咳停止的时间)均显著短于西医常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患儿咳嗽、咽痛、喉痒评分均显著下降,且中医联合组显著低于西医常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患儿PBMC内IL-4、IL-5及血清IgE水平均显著下降,且中医联合组均显著低于西医常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者FeNO和1 s用力呼气容积(FEV1)均显著下降(P<0.05),呼气峰流速(PEF)均显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较,中医联合组均显著优于西医常规组(P<0.05)。两组患者在治疗期间均未发生明显不良反应和不良事件。结论:滋阴清嗓汤对CVA发作期患儿具有良好的疗效,可发挥较好的滋阴清热、止咳平喘、改善慢性炎症作用,有效改善其临床症状,安全性高,值得推广。     

重组戊型肝炎病毒P179-海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微球混悬制剂的制备及其免疫效果

目的 制备吸附重组戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)P179抗原的海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微球混悬制剂,并观察其免疫效果。方法 乳化法制备海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微球,采用不同海藻酸钠浓度、混合乳化剂添加量、混合乳化剂亲水亲油平衡值设计正交试验,确定最佳制备工艺参数。将重组HEV P179抗原吸附在最佳工艺制备的微球表面,制备吸附重组HEV P179的海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微球混悬制剂,皮下多点免疫BALB/c小鼠,测定其诱导小鼠产生特异性IgG抗体的能力,与同剂量含弗氏佐剂的重组HEV P179免疫制剂对比。结果 经正交试验确定乳化最佳工艺参数为:海藻酸钠质量分数1%、混合乳化剂体积分数2%,混合乳化剂亲水亲油平衡值4。制备的微球平均粒径为6.73 μm(分布范围3.90~9.10 μm,方差1.78 μm),形态较为均一,透射电镜观察结果与双层球体及内部疏松多孔的微球结构特点相符。用此条件制备抗原质量浓度为500 μg/ml的混悬制剂,微球对抗原的吸附率为90.64%。免疫效果观察试验结果表明,皮下多点免疫试验中微球制剂诱导特异性IgG抗体的能力优于含弗氏佐剂抗原。结论 成功制备了吸附重组HEV P179的海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微球混悬制剂,且诱导产生特异性IgG抗体的能力优于含弗氏佐剂抗原,为其在新型实验动物超敏制剂中的应用奠定了基础。     

Signet‐ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma in the axilla: A case report with genetic analysis using next‐generation sequencing

Signet‐ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma (SRCHC) is a very rare skin appendage cancer, with an extremely rare occurrence in the axilla. This study describes the 11th case of SRCHC occurring in the axilla and reports the first gene alteration analysis performed for SRCHC. An 85‐year‐old Japanese male presented with a tumor in the left axilla. Biopsy of the axilla nodule demonstrated diffuse proliferation of histiocytoid neoplastic cells and signet‐ring cells in the dermis and subcutis. Immunohistochemistry revealed loss of E‐cadherin expression in these neoplastic cells. Accordingly, SRCHC of the axilla was diagnosed. Genetic analysis using next‐generation sequencing demonstrated missense mutation of PIK3CA (c1633G>A, pGlu545Lys) and no CDH1 gene mutation.SRCHC of the axilla is considered equivalent to a histiocytoid variant of invasive lobular breast carcinoma. The present SRCHC case demonstrated a pathogenic PIK3CA mutation, which is observed in invasive lobular carcinoma. Additional large case studies are required to clarify the clinicopathological features and gene alterations in SRCHC of the axilla.     

Three-year efficacy and patency follow-up of decellularized human internal mammary artery as a novel vascular graft in animal models

Background

Various investigations have reported that the internal mammary artery (IMA) is an efficient and functional choice of conduit for vascular graft surgeries, especially for coronary artery bypass grafts; however, the quest to find an ideal vascular substitute remains. We hypothesized that acellular IMA could be an appropriate graft for small-diameter vascular bypasses that could be used in various surgeries including coronary artery bypass grafting.