The role of online videos in teaching procedural skills to post-graduate medical learners: A systematic narrative review

Abstract

Objective: Online videos are commonly used in medical education. The aim of this review was to investigate the role of online instructional videos in teaching procedural skills to postgraduate medical learners.

Methods: This systematic narrative review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, ERIC and Google Scholar were searched. Full texts that applied to online videos, postgraduate medical learners and procedural skills were included without language restrictions. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using a validated tool. A thematic analysis of the studies was carried out using a general inductive approach.

Results: A total of 785 articles were retrieved and the full text was reviewed for 66 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Twenty papers that were relevant to the role of online videos in postgraduate medical education of procedural skills were used for this review. They were heterogenous in the outcomes collected and the evidence was of variable quality. There was strong evidence for the use of online videos for procedural skill knowledge acquisition and retention. Online videos were used for various purposes, such as supervision, assessment, postoperative debriefing, providing feedback, and promoting reflection.

Conclusion: Online videos are a valuable educational tool especially for procedural skill knowledge acquisition and retention. Future research needs to be carried out on the appropriate use of platforms in disseminating and using online videos, identifying the factors surrounding the learners, video characteristics, and data protection.     

Entrustment decisions: Implications for curriculum development and assessment

Abstract

With increased interest in the use of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, comes questions about their implications for curriculum development and assessment. This paper addresses some of those questions, discussed at a symposium of the 2017 conference of AMEE, by presenting the components of an EPA, describing their importance and application, identifying their implications for assessment, and pinpointing some of challenges they pose in undergraduate and postgraduate settings. It defines entrustment, describes the three levels of trust, and presents trainee and supervisor factors that influence it as well as perceived benefits, and risks. Two aspects of EPAs have implications for assessment: units of professional practice and decisions based on entrustment, which impact an assessment’s blueprint, test methods, scores, and standards. In an undergraduate setting EPAs have great appeal, but work is needed to identify and develop a robust assessment system for core EPAs. At the postgraduate level, there is tension between the granularity of the competencies and the integrated nature of the EPAs. Even though work remains, EPAs offer an important step in the evolution of competency-based education.     

Differences between medical school and PGY1 learning outcomes: An explanation for new graduates not being “work ready”?

Abstract

Background: Widespread concerns about new medical graduates’ ‘work readiness’ may reflect, in part, differences in mandatory learning outcomes for medical students and new medical graduates.

Purpose: To examine differences between required medical student and PGY1 (first year resident) training program outcomes, and the nature and magnitude of these differences.

Method: Comparison, systematic identification and thematic analysis of differences between the graduate outcomes in the Australian Medical Council Standards for the Assessment and Accreditation of Primary Medical Programs and those in the New Zealand Curriculum Framework for Prevocational Training.

Results: The relationship between these outcome statements were categorized as: essentially similar; continuity; partial discontinuity; and complete discontinuity of learning trajectory. Areas requiring substantial new learning may reflect medical schools’ focus on individual student performance, and on learning and assessments based on single episodes of often uncomplicated illness. This contrasted with a post-graduate focus on integrated health care delivery by teams and management of complex illnesses over the whole patient care journey.

Conclusions: Characterizing these marked differences between pre-graduate and postgraduate standards, within a trajectory of learning, explains some of the difficulties in students’ preparation for work readiness. These could inform learning interventions to support new graduates’ professional development to ensure patient safety. Development and revision of accreditation standards should include formal review against the expectations of the preceding and succeeding phases of learning.     

Tanzania IR Initiative: Training the First Generation of Interventional Radiologists

Despite a population of nearly 60 million, there is currently not a single interventional radiologist in Tanzania. Based on an Interventional Radiology (IR) Readiness Assessment, the key obstacles to establishing IR in Tanzania are the lack of training opportunities and limited availability of disposable equipment. An IR training program was designed and initiated, which relies on US-based volunteer teams of IR physicians, nurses, and technologists to locally train radiology residents, nurses, and technologists. Preliminary results support this strategy for addressing the lack of training opportunities and provide a model for introducing IR to other resource-limited settings.     

浅谈口腔医学硕士研究生科研作图能力的培养

科研作图是展示研究数据的主要形式,也是科研素养的重要体现。口腔医学硕士研究生是接触科学研究的第一站,然而目前的研究生教育环节对科研作图能力缺乏系统性培养,许多研究生在科研作图中存在许多不规范的问题,本文针对这一问题进行初步探讨。本文分析比较了常用作图工具Microsoft Excel、Origin和Graphpad Prism的特点;以学校口腔医学硕士的培养过程为参考,分析目前硕士研究生科研作图方面存在的主要问题及应对策略。发现不同作图软件具有不同的风格特点,当前硕士研究生作图存在风格不统一、拼图不规范、图注不规范等问题,应当根据自身需求合理选择作图工具,提升作图能力。科研作图是科研能力的重要方面,应当加强口腔医学硕士研究生作图能力的培养。     

Leadership Development in UK Medical Training: Pedagogical Theory and Practice

Phenomenon: The central role of clinical leadership in achieving the vision of quality and productivity could be attained by investing in its development in postgraduate medical education. Approach: A critical review of selected literature is presented. Findings: The author identifies some of the main theoretical constructs related to leadership; the pedagogical underpinning of medical leadership programs; their learning objectives; and the mixture of methods, individual and collective, to achieve them. Insights: How to best develop leadership through medical education remains an open debate. Experiential learning, reflective practice, action learning, and mentoring could provide the foundations of leadership development. Application of the aforementioned should be cautious due to limitations of the concept of leadership as currently promoted and lack of robust evaluation methodologies.     

医学实习生考研动机调查研究

目的通过调查临床医学实习生的考研动机特点,研究其相关影响因素,并结合处于临床实践这一特殊时间段,提出切实可行的措施和方法。方法用问卷方式对我院有考研意向的120名医学实习生进行调查并统计。结果医学实习生考研动机主要包括:(1)实现自我价值;(2)实现职业理想;(3)自我认知兴趣;(4)求知进取;(5)亲人期望;(6)置换专业。结论医学实习生选择考研的主要目的是通过自身的努力,证明自己的实力、实施自我、寻求更好的发展机会,获得自我价值并得到社会承认,开拓潜能、锻炼意志、实现目标,达到自身理想的职业状态。教学医院应积极引导医学生树立正确的考研态度和动机,加强思想教育,增强就业保障、统筹时间安排、合理化考核制度等,实现临床实习、就业与考研兼顾,并在保证临床实践学习质量的基础上,制定各种方法和措施,为医学实习生考研行为提供相关支持和帮助。     

普外科专业研究生临床技能和科研能力的思考

医学研究生的教育是培养高层次卫生人才的主要途径之一。我国目前医学研究生学位类型分为两种:"医学科学学位"和"医学专业学位"。普外科专业研究生的培养目标是培养出专业技能过硬和具有科研素质和创新精神的普外科医生。通过分析学校普外科专业研究生培养过程中影响临床技能和科研素养提升的因素,探讨促进两者均衡发展的有效方法以及今后普外科专业研究生的培养方向,制定多元化专业理论与技能培养计划、充分利用导师的直接指导及现代网络信息化办公教学,搭建科研平台积极鼓励普通外科专业研究生参与科研,努力提高普通外科专业研究生临床技能及科研创新思维水平。     

Outcome assessment of the French internship graduate programme

In 1995, the first dental postgraduate residency programme was established in France. Selection of the applicants was performed by means of a selective national competitive examination among dental students in the final year of the undergraduate studies. The main objective of this 3-year general practice internship was to provide a clinical training for future academic dentists. This study describes the characteristics and the professional outcome of the student population enrolled in this programme. The French internship programme represents a new and welcome modification on the training of future dental academicians and establishes similarities with other programmes in Europe.