A review on gentisic acid as a plant derived phenolic acid and metabolite of aspirin: Comprehensive pharmacology,toxicology, and some pharmaceutical aspects

Beneficial therapeutic effects of phenolic acids have been proven in various research projects including in vivo and in vitro studies. Gentisic acid (GA) is a phenolic acid that has been associated with useful effects on human health, such as antiinflammatory, antigenotoxic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and especially antioxidant activities. It is an important metabolite of aspirin and also widely distributed in plants as a secondary plant product such as Gentiana spp., Citrus spp., Vitis vinifera, Pterocarpus santalinus, Helianthus tuberosus, Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis, Olea europaea, and Sesamum indicum and in fruits such as avocados, batoko plum, kiwi fruits, apple, bitter melon, black berries, pears, and some mushrooms. This study was undertaken to review the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetic properties as well as toxicity and pharmaceutical applications of GA.     

丹参干燥前后游离型和结合型酚酸的比较研究

丹参干燥前后,新鲜和干燥丹参中酚酸成分含量有显著性差异,即在干燥过程中随脱水增加,丹参酚酸含量显著增加。为探究丹参干燥前后游离型和结合型酚酸含量的差异及转化,该实验对丹参酚酸水解方法、水解产物、水解规律等进行研究,采用UPLC测定丹参结合型酚酸4种主要水解产物丹参素、咖啡酸二聚体(SMND-309)、咖啡酸、甘西鼠尾草酸甲(原紫草酸)以及丹参中3种主要游离酚酸成分(迷迭香酸、紫草酸和丹酚酸B)的含量。结果显示,丹参酚酸的碱水解效果显著优于酸水解,优选的碱水解条件为用含有1%抗坏血酸的2 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液于70℃水解4 h;游离酚酸和结合酚酸的水解产物相同;新鲜丹参中游离酚酸含量较低,结合酚酸含量较高,而干燥丹参却相反。提示丹参生长过程中已积累储存了大量的结合型酚酸,主要以酯键与细胞壁多糖结合形成了不溶性酚酸,常规方法不易检出,在干燥脱水过程中,结合型酚酸或在相关酶的作用下转化生成大量的游离酚酸。     

基于芍药甘草汤的4种中药润肤霜对特应性皮炎的治疗作用及机制

目的:探讨4种中药润肤霜对2,4-二硝基氟苯(DNFB)致特应性皮炎小鼠的治疗作用及机制。方法:BALA/c小鼠按体质量随机分成正常组、模型组、空白膏霜组(润肤霜A组),芍药甘草汤组(润肤霜B组),芍药甘草汤加马齿苋,人参和忍冬藤组(润肤霜C组),芍药甘草汤加人参和忍冬藤组(润肤霜D组),给药剂量均为25 g·kg~(-1),以及阳性药他克莫司软膏组(3 g·kg~(-1)),每组10～12只。除正常组外,其余各组用0.5%DNFB涂抹小鼠背部脱毛皮肤,每只100μL,连续7 d。第7天起,各组给予相应润肤霜外用干预,1次/d,连续15 d,正常组和模型组不给药。每周称量动物体质量1次,每周对动物背部皮肤进行评分3次,记录皮损状况分值;处死小鼠后,取左右耳,打孔称量双耳质量并计算肿胀度;取背部皮肤固定,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色进行病理组织学检查,观察小鼠背部皮肤组织病理改变并评分;末次给药后取血,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测血清中免疫球蛋白E(IgE)含量;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测皮肤组织中信号传导与转录激活因子3(STAT3),磷酸化(p)-STAT3蛋白的表达。结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠体质量持续性降低,造模区出现红斑、水肿、干燥、脱屑、结痂剥脱等炎性改变,皮损状况分值显著增加;耳部皮肤角质层增厚,耳肿胀度明显增加;镜下见表皮局部坏死脱落、表皮增厚、表皮增生,角质层的角化过度和角化不全,以及皮下组织炎症细胞浸润等病变;血清IgE含量显著性增高;皮肤组织中p-STAT3的表达增加。与模型组比较,润肤霜C和D组小鼠体质量明显增加(P0.01),皮损状况评分明显降低(P0.05,P0.01);润肤霜B,C,D组较模型组小鼠耳廓肿胀度显著减少(P0.01);润肤霜C组小鼠背部皮肤坏死缺损和表皮增生的病变程度较模型组明显减轻(P0.05,P0.01);润肤霜C和D组小鼠血清中IgE含量较模型组明显降低(P0.05,P0.01);润肤霜C组小鼠皮肤组织中p-STAT3蛋白表达明显低于模型组(P0.05)。结论:润肤霜B,C,D对特应性皮炎均有一定的治疗效果,其中润肤霜C的治疗作用最为明显,作用机制可能与其抑制血清IgE含量的升高,及抑制STAT3的磷酸化,从而降低炎性细胞因子的水平有关。     

雷公藤多苷辅助治疗狼疮性肾炎的Meta分析

目的:系统评价雷公藤多苷联合西药治疗狼疮性肾炎（LN）的疗效。方法:计算机检索2009—2019年中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库、PubMed数据库及Springer电子期刊,查找以雷公藤多苷联合西药治疗LN的随机对照试验(RCT),按纳入标准和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料和评价纳入研究的方法学质量后,采用Revman5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:1)共纳入8篇文章,657例患者,其中观察组330例,对照组327例,各研究均明确指出基线均衡,具有可比性。2)Meta分析结果显示:雷公藤多苷辅助治疗LN在提高缓解率(OR=1.58,95%CI［1.08,2.32］,P=0.02),降低血尿素氮(MD=-1.14,95%CI［-2.13,-0.14］,P=0.03),降低血肌酐(MD=-9.93,95%CI［-17.94,-1.93］,P=0.02),提升血清白蛋白(MD=3.99,95%CI［0.82,7.17］,P=0.01),增加补体C3(MD=0.16,95%CI［0.05,0.27］,P=0.003),增加补体C4(MD=0.09,95%CI［-0.03,0.15］,P=0.003)等方面明显优于单用激素或免疫抑制剂等西药治疗,其差异有统计学意义。在降低24 h尿蛋白及发生不良反应等方面无统计学意义。结论:本次Meta分析显示雷公藤多苷辅助治疗LN对比单纯使用西药(激素、免疫抑制剂、细胞毒性药物),在提高缓解率,升高血清白蛋白,降低血尿素氮、血肌酐及提高补体C3、C4方面疗效突出,差异均有统计学意义。但由于此次收录的文献质量相对不高,样本数量较少,未来更需要更多高质量,大样本,研究设计方案更严谨的随机对照试验,对雷公藤多苷辅助治疗LN有更精确的评估。     

雷公藤多苷联合泼尼松治疗类风湿关节炎肺间质病变的临床疗效

目的:探讨雷公藤多苷治疗类风湿关节炎(RA)肺间质病变(ILD)的临床疗效分析。方法:选取2013年12月至2016年12月右江民族医学院附属医院收治的RA-ILD患者100例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组50例,对照组给予泼尼松治疗,观察组在此基础上给予雷公藤多苷治疗。比较2组患者临床治疗有效率、治疗前后症状评分、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、类风湿因子(RF)水平、肺高分辨CT(HRCT)积分、用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC、外周血基质金属蛋白酶1(MMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平变化以及不良反应的差异。结果:雷公藤多苷可明显减少RA-ILD患者的症状评分,提高临床治疗有效率,下降ESR、CRP、RF、HRCT、MMP-9水平,上调FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、MMP-1。观察组和对照组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:雷公藤多苷可有效治疗RA-ILD,其作用机制可能通过MMPs介导。     

The comparison of animal models for premature ovarian failure established by several different source of inducers

The objective of this study was to compare premature ovarian failure animal models established by several different source of inducers. Female ICR mice, KM mice, and SD rats were treated by cyclophosphamide at 120 mg/kg, busulfan at 12 mg/kg, cisplatin at 3 or 4 mg/kg, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide at 160 mg/kg, 35% galactose food pellet, and tripterygium glycosides at 50 mg/kg, respectively. Parameters were analyzed by body weight, serum concentration level of related hormones, ovarian and uterine pathological examination. The results indicated the body weight of mice increased very slowly following single dose of cyclophosphamide (p < 0.05) with damaged ovary; repeated doses of cisplatin could induce body weight significantly decreased (p < 0.01) with a rising trend of serum LH concentration, declining tendency of serum E2 concentration and injured ovary and uterus; 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide also hindered the mice growing (p < 0.05) with damaged ovary and uterus; the body weight of mice feed by 35% galactose food pellet increased slowly (p < 0.05) with dramatically higher serum concentration level of galactose, albumin, and total protein (p < 0.001) and injured ovary. Busulfan and tripterygium glycosides did not present obvious evidences. In conclusion, the inducers presented their respective features in such animal models and should be appropriately applied in preventive methods.     

凉血散瘀方对肾虚血瘀型 IgA 肾病患者的疗效观察

〔摘 要〕 目的：分析凉血散瘀方加减辅助雷公藤多苷、醋酸泼尼松片治疗肾虚血瘀型 IgA 肾病患者的临床效果。 方法：选取三明市中西医结合医院 2019 年 6 月至 2020 年 6 月期间收治的 70 例肾虚血瘀型 IgA 肾病患者，依照治疗方案不同分为 观察组与对照组，各35例。对照组给予西药治疗；观察组在对照组基础上加用凉血散瘀方加减治疗。比较两组治疗效果。 结果：观察组患者治疗总有效率为 91.43 %，高于对照组的 71.43 %，差异具有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。治疗前两组患者的尿红细 胞个数、血清肌酐（Scr）、血尿酸（SUA）、24 h 尿蛋白定量、Ⅳ 型胶原（C–Ⅳ）、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物 –1（TIMP–1） 及层粘连蛋白（LN）比较，差异无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）；治疗后两组患者的尿红细胞个数、Scr、SUA、24 h 尿蛋白 定量、C–Ⅳ、TIMP–1 及 LN 均低于治疗前，且观察组患者的尿红细胞个数、Scr、SUA、24 h 尿蛋白定量、C–Ⅳ、TIMP–1 及 LN 均低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。观察组患者不良反应发生率为 2.86 %，与对照组的 8.57 % 比较，差异无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。 结论：凉血散瘀方联合雷公藤多苷、醋酸泼尼松片治疗肾虚血瘀型 IgA 肾病患者， 可进一步改善患者病情，调节血脂水平，改善肾脏纤维化，且安全性不受影响。     

Two new compounds from the fruits of Arctium lappa

Phytochemical investigation of the extract of Arctii Fructus led to the isolation and characterization of two new compounds, named arctiisesquineolignan B (1) and arctiiphenolglycoside A (2). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical evidence, as well as by comparison with known analogs in the literature. Compound 2 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control ascorbic acid at a concentration of 10 μM.