The surfaces of the parasitic nematodes Trichinella spiralis and Toxocara canis differ in the binding of post-C3 components of human complement by the alternative pathway

The binding of human complement components C3, C5 and C9 to the surface of the infective larvae of the nematode parasites Toxocara canis and Trichinella spiralis, by the alternative pathway, was examined by direct and indirect immunofluorescence on the intact parasites. This showed that although C3 bound to both nematodes, they differed markedly in the binding of C5 and C9; C5 bound only minimally to T. spiralis, and C9 binding to this parasite was barely detectable. In contrast, both early and late components bound to T. canis to a high density, comparable to, or in excess of, the binding of these components to the infective larvae of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. The lack of binding of the post-C3 components to T. spiralis did not correlate with enhanced binding of the control protein, Factor H.     

IL-10 regulates early IL-12-mediated immune responses induced by the radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine

Radiation-attenuated (RA) schistosomes penetrate the host via the skin where they stimulate intense inflammatory reactions and the release of pro-inflammatory IL-12, important for T(h)1-type immune responses which are partially host protective. However, RA larvae also induce the secretion of regulatory IL-10. We now show that following vaccination of IL-12p40(-/-) mice, abundant IL-10 was produced by in vitro cultured skin biopsies between days 4 and 14, corresponding to the down-regulation of MHC II expression by cells in the dermis and cells that emigrate from the skin. In IL-10(-/-) mice, inflammation of the vaccination site was increased with larger numbers of IL-12p40(+), MHC II(+) and CD86(+) cells in the dermal exudate, and was associated with elevated levels of skin-derived IL-12p40 and IL-1beta. These changes in IL-10(-/-) mice were also reflected by an increased number of cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLN) and greater levels of lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, such mice had increased numbers of CD4(+) sdLN cells that were CD25(+), CD28(+) or CD152(+) and accessory cells that were CD40(+) or MHC II(+). Finally, the secretion of IFN-gamma (and IL-12p40) by in vitro cultured sdLN cells was substantially raised in IL-10(-/-) mice, but much reduced in IL-12p40(-/-) mice, resulting in the development of highly polarized T(h)1 and T(h)2 cytokine profiles in the two groups of mice respectively. We conclude that IL-10 has an important role early in the regulation of IL-12-mediated priming of acquired immune responses, and effectively contains excessive dermal inflammation and prevents the development of highly polarized T(h)1-type responses.     

吉林市人体肠道寄生虫感染调查

目的：调查吉林市肠道寄生虫感染情况。方法：对1389人进行粪便普查和流行病学调查。结果：共检出肠道寄生虫9种,总感染率为71.13％,感染率从高到低依次为蛔虫(64.07％)、肝吸虫(2.23％)、贾第鞭毛虫(1.94％)、结肠阿米巴(1.51％)、鞭虫(0.79％)、嗜碘阿米巴(0.28％)、肠人毛滴虫(0.14％)、痢疾阿米巴及钩虫(均为0.07％)。结论：吉林市人体肠道寄生虫感染率较高,应注意建立一套完整的防治措施。,Objective:To investigate the human intestine parasitization in Jilin City.Methods: Mass survey of feces and epidemiological survey were carried out in 1389 persons.Results:Nine kinds of intestinal parasites had been detected and the total infection rate was71.13%. From high to low, the infection rates were respectively(64.07％)for ascaris lumbri-coides(2.23％) for clonorchis sinensis, (1.94％) for giardia lamblia(1.51％) for entamoe-ba coli (0.74％) for trichuris trichiura(0.28％) for iodamoeba bvetschlii (0.14％) fortrichomonas hominis(0.07％) for entamoeba histolytica and ancylostoma duodenale. Conclusion :The intestinal parasitization rate is higher in Jilin City, and this result suggests that we setup a series of prophylectico-therapeutic measures.     

人体寄生虫虫卵图像的自动识别

本文对显微医学图像的自动识别进行了初步研究，在微型计算机上实现了血吸虫等十余种人体寄生虫虫卵显微图像的预处理、分割、特征提取及识别与分类。通过对一批检验样本的识别分类，取得了正确率为９２％的较好结果。     

金水宝胶囊配合短程化疗对38例复治肺结核疗效观察

金水宝胶囊配合短程化疗对３８例复治肺结核疗效观察浙江省湖州市中医院（浙江３１３０００）汤礼文１９９１年３月～１９９５年３月笔者应用金水宝胶囊配合短程化疗对３８例复治肺结核患者进行临床观察，取得满意疗效，现报告如下。临床资料全部病例均为本院结核病门诊患...     

肠道寄生虫不同防治对策卫生经济学价值研究

〔目的〕寻求符合社会现有的可利用资源和适合现实社会经济状况的最佳信息 ;探索出低投入、高收益效果的肠道寄生虫防治对策。〔方法〕在豫南黄淮平原地区遂平县 ,选择三个行政村各以 80 0人口范围为现场观察点 ,分别采用周期性全民化疗 ,虫卵阳性者选择化疗 ,健康教育加卫生目标责任制奖罚的防治对策 ,分别监测逐年感染率并核出各年度投入的人力、物力价值 ,采用费用—效果分析法 (CEA)评估卫生经济学价值。〔结果〕不同防治对策的效果及卫生经济学价值具有显著性差异。〔结论〕在当前现有条件下 ,充分发挥和利用农村乡村医生医疗保健网作用 ,实施健康教育下的卫生目标责任制奖罚措施 ,是防治肠道寄生虫的低价值投入 ,高价值收益的最佳对策。     

Co‐operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis

Interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and environmental, dietary and pathogen antigens play a key role in immune homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Dietary polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins (PAC) may reduce inflammation, and we therefore hypothesized that PAC may suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ‐induced responses in human DCs and subsequent T helper type 1 (Th1) ‐type responses in naive T cells. Moreover, we proposed that, because DCs are likely to be exposed to multiple stimuli, the activity of PAC may synergise with other bioactive molecules that have anti‐inflammatory activity, e.g. soluble products from the helminth parasite Trichuris suis (TsSP). We show that PAC are endocytosed by monocyte‐derived DCs and selectively induce CD86 expression. Subsequently, PAC suppress the LPS‐induced secretion of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐12p70, while enhancing secretion of IL‐10. Incubation of DCs with PAC did not affect lymphocyte proliferation; however, subsequent interferon‐γ production was markedly suppressed, while IL‐4 production was unaffected. The activity of PAC was confined to oligomers (degree of polymerization ≥ 4). Co‐pulsing DCs with TsSP and PAC synergistically reduced secretion of tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐12p70 while increasing IL‐10 secretion. Moreover, both TsSP and PAC alone induced Th2‐associated OX40L expression in DCs, and together synergized to up‐regulate OX40L. These data suggest that PAC induce an anti‐inflammatory phenotype in human DCs that selectively down‐regulates Th1 response in naive T cells, and that they also act cooperatively with TsSP. Our results indicate a novel interaction between dietary compounds and parasite products to influence immune function, and may suggest that combinations of PAC and TsSP can have therapeutic potential for inflammatory disorders.     

Systemic Besnoitiosis in a Juvenile Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)

Herein, we report the first incidence of systemic besnoitiosis in a male juvenile roe deer Capreolus capreolus. The animal was found dead in an area where bovine besnoitiosis is endemic and showed cachexia and multiple skin erosions in the metacarpal and metatarsal areas. Moreover, round and elevated white structures suggestive of Besnoitia spp. tissue cysts were also present. Twenty‐eight tissue samples from different anatomical locations were collected for microscopic lesion and parasite detection through histopathology and PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm Besnoitia‐positive reaction in the tissue cysts. In addition, the identity of Besnoitia spp. in PCR‐positive tissue samples was also investigated using microsatellite (MS) markers, and the comparison of protein disulphide isomerase gene sequences (BbPDI) of B. besnoiti and B. tarandi isolated from cattle and reindeer, respectively. Besnoitia cysts were detected in the skin (several parts), respiratory and upper digestive tracts, eyes, kidney, liver, testicle, cardiac muscle and lymphoid tissue. Remarkably, the presence of tissue cysts in the brain confirmed the capacity of Besnoitia spp. to form tissue cysts in the central nervous system (CNS). Finally, the Besnoitia species detected showed the same MS genotype as B. besnoiti, and BbPDI sequences from roe deer and two B. besnoiti isolates were genetically identical throughout multiple sequence alignment. Thus, for the first time, there is evidence that roe deer might act as an intermediate host of B. besnoiti. Further molecular analyses and parasite isolations are needed to corroborate these findings.     

Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes: a story of immune modulation

Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes are some of the most prevalent infections in the world today. Despite the fact that antihelminthic drugs are generally regarded as safe, efficient and are widely available, the level of infection remains as high or, in some cases, even higher than 50 years ago. It is clear that immune-mediated resistance to infection in mouse models is mediated by a T-helper 2-type immune response. Gastrointestinal nematodes are powerful modulators of the immune response, and as such, they may have the potential to affect the outcome of concurrent infections with other parasites, bacteria or viruses. Importantly, they also appear to have the ability to influence the development of allergic reactions and modulate the effects of vaccination.